Research Paper on International Adoption Essay Example

Research Paper on International Adoption Essay In accordance with the Convention on the Rights of the Child, signed and ratified in 1990, international adoption can be applied â€Å"if the child cannot be transferred to a foster or placed in a family that could provide his foster placement or adoption, and if in any suitable manner care in the child’s country of origin is impossible.† This Convention notes that member states must ensure â€Å"that in the case of adoption of a child in another country provide the same guarantees and standards which apply to domestic adoptions.† In 29 May 1993, the Convention on the Protection of Children and Cooperation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption of was signed. In the development of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in it formulated important general requirements for international adoption, to uphold the rights of all stakeholders, and especially the child, and defines the general rules of interaction of the states concerned. European Convention on the Adoption of Children was signed in 1967. In 2008, the Convention was revised. In particular, mandating the consent of the child for adoption, if it is of sufficiently conscious age (the minimum age at which to obtain the consent of a child for adoption is established by States members under the Convention in national legislation, but cannot exceed 14 years). In addition, the Convention recognizes the right to adoption for heterosexual couples in a registered civil partnership, as well as single persons. Convention also leaves it to the states the right to authorize the adoption of same-sex couples living together and having a stable relationship. According to paragraph 1 of Art. 9 age of adopters set between 18 and 30 years, and the preferred age difference must be at least 16 years. Specific minimum age of adopters States members of the Convention enshrines in its national legislation, taking into account the above prescription. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on International Adoption specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on International Adoption specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on International Adoption specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As a rule citizens of a country have priority over foreign adoptive parents. The adoptions by foreign nationals shall be allowed only in cases where it is not possible to transfer these children to grow up in a family of citizens residing in the territory of the country. The children can be transferred to an international adoption only after six months from the date of receipt of the information on such children to the native country database of orphans and there will be no adoptive parents or foster parents among citizens of the country who will adopt the child. If you need some help in preparing, structuring, and composing your first research paper on international adoption, we recommend you to consult free example research papers on different topics! To gen some ideas on how to write a successful research proposal. Are you looking for a top-notch custom research paper on International Adoption topics? Is confidentiality as important to you as the high quality of the product? Try our writing service at EssayLib.com! We can offer you professional assistance at affordable rates. Our experienced PhD and Master’s writers are ready to take into account your smallest demands. We guarantee you 100% authenticity of your paper and assure you of dead on time delivery. Proceed with the order form: Please, feel free to visit us at EssayLib.com and learn more about our service!

Airbus Strategic Management

Airbus Strategic Management Introduction Airbus is an international aircraft manufacturing company with its head quarters situated in Blagnac, France. It is a subsidy of European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company N.V. (EADS) which owns 80% of the company and the remaining 20% is owned by BAE Systems plc (LSE: BA.).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Airbus Strategic Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company has three other operational bases in Europe situated in Germany, Spain and in the United Kingdom. The company has a pool of 57,000 workers distributed in sixteen branches and sub branches. In 2009 the company started construction of a branch in Tianjin (China); the branch is only producing minimal products and making repairs. It is estimated to be a full brown company by the year 2012. In its investments the company has subsidies and sub -subsidies to companies in United States, Japan, China, and India (McIntyre, 1982). Half o f the worlds airplanes are thought to have been made by the company. It’s credited for having made the world’s largest airplane A380 and the fly-by-wire airliner. The success of the company has been credited to technological advancement which has resulted in production of highly efficient airplanes. When the company was incorporated it was a consortium of European aviation. It later diverted to plane construction where it competes with companies like Boeing, McDonnell Douglas, and American Lockheed. All its major competitors are situated in United States of America. The company was established at the era where globalization had raised the need for air transport as countries trade increased. The decision to have an airplane manufacturing company was the decision that was considered by the governments of Germany, France, and United Kingdom in 1967. In 1970, the company started it operations with Groupement dInteret Economique  as the major supporter of the company fina ncially. The English name for the group is Economic Interest Group or GIE. The name Airbus was the common name for planes which were large in the period and thus the company adopted the name. The first aero plane by the company was called Airbus A300 (Airbus official website, 2010). This report is divided into three parts where the first part takes a look at strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the Airbus Company; the second part, looks at the external environment of the company and gauges the level of participation that the company have in the competitive industry. The third part will be recommendations on the measures that the company should implement to remain competitive. The first part will also have a section which analyses current trends in global airline industry.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Current position The company boasts being the world’s largest aero plane manufacturer and specializes in large planes. It has made the world’s largest aircraft. Among the competitors of the company are Boeing, McDonnell Douglas, and American Lockheed. To remain competitive, the company has ensured that it makes products which are responsive to people’s needs. There are different approaches that the company takes in its business. These include; Making planes on order The company takes orders from different companies, countries organizations and individuals to make different models. It gives customers the freedom to choose the level of technology that they want implemented, however the suggestions made by customers should be in line with the company’s policies. Making planes and having them in its show room for sale The company has a show room where it portrays its products for sale to its target market. It also acts as the place where the available technology and models are displayed to the custom ers. Undertaking various researches and testing these products The company maintains a research and development team which is mandated with the task of advising the company on the demands of the customers. They are the ones who are given the mandate of surveying the market and interpolating the competitor’s technology. There is a wave to low fuel consumption jets and planes which require modern technology; airline is aware of the changes in technology and it’s aligning its ways to the move. The company is making large planes to ensure that their customers enjoy from economies of scale. The jumbo planes are sold mostly to national airlines of different countries and small size planes target private airline companies and individuals who buy planes. Some military forces from different countries contract the company for planes for various purposes. When this is the case there is collaboration between engineers from the military and the company. They then aim to make plan es which are responsive to the needs of the force. When making war planes, specifications and controls that are required in the planes are made in consultation with concerned parties.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Airbus Strategic Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some technology adopted by the company is a â€Å"first† in the industry and thus it calls the operators of the planes and the company to join hands and offer training services. In the effort to remain competitive the company borrows from other companies and improve the technology. The move to venture in China was seen as a strategy to tap Chinese high technology. Other than making fuel efficient planes; the company makes planes with different features to meet the demand of the market. For example, there are planes which are more comfortable, some planes have high security feature and their size varies. This is to ensure that all the ma rkets are well catered for. Current issues in Airplanes business As technology advances, the transport sector is not left behind; there have been numerous developments in plane technology. Good and efficient transport is the back bone of trade and by extension economy. Other than the internet, the other development that has made the world a village is transport; more so air transport. This mode of transport has come with good things; however there are some problems that are associated with this means of transport the most serious being safety. How safe are the passengers? Are their lives safe? Are they psychologically troubled and how comfortable are they? In the recent past, there has been plane crashes in some parts of the world with the latest plane accident occurring on June 23, 2010 in Quebec, Canada and involved a Beechcraft A100 King Air model. The pilot of the above plane had reported that the plane had a problem and when trying to land, the plane exploded. There were seven people aboard and all of them died in the inferno. January 25, 2010 – there was another plane crash involving an Ethiopian Airlines Boeing 737-800 after taking off from Beirut airport. All the 90 passengers and crew on board perished. On May 20, 2009, An Indonesian C130 military transport plane crashed a few miles from Iswahyudi air force base in East Java. There were 110 passengers and crew members. 98 people were killed including two people who were not in the plane. Terrorism is another problem that air plane transport is faced with. Terrorists have for long targeted planes; this has left the passengers and crew’s lives endangered. Numerous deaths have occurred as a result. For example, in September 11, 2001, an attack of the world trade centre was made possible because the terrorist were able to use a plane for the attack. This brings in another angle to the discussion involving this means of transport; not only is it dangerous to the people aboard the plane but al so to those on the ground. The attack resulted in deaths of over 3000 people both on the ground and those aboard. In 2009, there was a threat of attack to an American plane where a Nigerian student had entered the plane with a bomb; though the attack was not carried out, there was a huge panic all over the world about the safety of passengers. Air rage is another problem that is on the rise in the recent past. More and more passengers are becoming victims of attack as well as lack of comfort as they board planes.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More SWOT Analysis Strengths Airbus strength is built on the strong brand name that is internationally recognized. There is a wide recognition of its products in all parts of the world. The strength of the company is undoubtedly engineered by its internal managerial mechanisms. In order to have a competitive edge in selling its product and services, it will be advisable for the company to take the advantage of its ability to compete favourably with equal players in the market. Airbus is able to adopt different modalities and outreach programs of reaching out to its consumers. In a market mostly controlled by the efficiency and the affordability of the products as well as quality, it will be an open strength for the company to explore more on innovations. In retrospect, strategic marketing plan should be in a position to explicitly document the various channels that can be used by the company to allocate more resources towards improving quality. Weaknesses There is no one company that is perfect; there is always an area that offers a weak point. One of the weak points that the company will undergo through are internal while others are from the external environment. Weaknesses refer to stumbling blocks that may deter the company from progressing towards a particular direction. One of the weaknesses is attitude that customers have upon new things introduced in the market. When discussing the concept of strategic market planning, we discover that resources are vital for an organization to effect significant changes. Another area of inevitable weakness is an expansion plan which entails diversifying the level of the company activities. This may take different forms. A critical look at geographical expansion depicts a glaring possibility of other stringent market uncertainties. Right at the onset, strategic planning will demand strategic resources, both human and financial, to make any significant move. Besides, implementation of the proposed market research will require mutual consent from all the affected divisions in the company. This will not only consume time as decisions are being made, but a lot of uncertainties abound especially on the verdict of the company. Opportunities and Threats Opportunities and threats are external forces that a company has minimal control over. These are outside factors which may work to the benefit or danger of the company. Opportunities for the company are dependent on both the internal and external assessment criteria of the company’s profile of operation. Similar to the weaknesses discussed above, the company can still optimize on the various opportunities available to bring about sustainable growth through effective competition. Some of the underlying opportunities for this company in regard to the macro environment are the diversification of its activities. In striking for the right opportunities, the company will have to analyze its main market rival. The strategies being employed by the competitor sh ould be critically assessed and evaluated for necessary counter action. In addition, the general plan of the competitor in a bid to control the market is a vital toolkit which this company can use to estimate the competitive edge of the market. Internal/External Analysis of Business Objectives Airbus is affected by the internal and external forces. The success that it has is dependent on how well it is going to overcome challenges posed by internal and external forces. To explain the forces, we will consider five porters model forces. In 1980, Porter developed a structure for analyzing the nature and extent of competition within an industry. His argument was that, in every industry, there are at least five competitive forces which establish the nature of competition within that industry. These five forces are discussed below: Threat of new Entrants Bargaining Power of Buyers Threat of Substitute products or Substitutes Rivalry among Existing competitors Buyer’s Bargaining Power The success of a business is dependent with the buyers. They are the customers of a business. They shape the kind of products that a business makes. Buyers have the ability to determine which products will move first and which will not. It is through buyers that a company realizes its competitive advantage in the market. In plane manufacturing business, there is need to produce quality goods which are responsive to the needs of their customers. In plane industry, there is a strong shift to have a move to low fee planes. This is an area the company should ensure it has made fuel efficient planes and big enough that passengers can enjoy economies of scale. Supplier’s Bargaining Power To create awareness of the kind of services that a company produces, there is need for marketing campaigns. In plane making-its main business, the Airbus should ensure that there is national and international awareness of activities that take place. The company needs to employ good strategie s to ensure that customers are aware of the existence of the products; it is by doing this that it can command more business. When quality products are well known by the customers, they are likely to be more accepted. Sales team should ensure that it makes the best targets and market segmentation. Competitive Rivalry in the Industry Within an industry, there are businesses which compete with one another for the available market share. These businesses either specialize in the production of similar products or differentiated products. In plane manufacturing, there are a number of existing companies which include Boeing, McDonnell Douglas, and American Lockheed. There are also new entrants in the business. Threat of New Entrants Airbus enjoys the largest plane making in the world; this does not mean though that there are no threats to its operations. The threat of new entrants to an industry depends on the number of entry barriers available. The higher the entry barriers, the fewer th e number of competitors will be in the industry. These barriers include: capital costs of entry, legal constraints, and access to distributing channels. Threat of Substitutes The company is competing internationally and thus there is the threat that someone may decide to use another country’s products instead of those of Airbus. A substitute product is a product that meets the same needs as those met by a product produced by another company. The extent of the threat from a particular substitute will depend upon two factors; namely, willingness of buyers to switch to substitute products and the degree to which the value and performance of the substitute can compete with the industry’s product (Alter) Managerial decision-making is the process through which managers arrive at the alternative solution to a given challenge facing an organization. The success of an organization is dependent on the quality of decisions made by its managers. One of the major attributes that ma ke a good manager stand out is his or her decisiveness. The quality of decisions made by a manager is reflected in the performance of his or her organization (Wheelen Hunger, 1998). Defining the problem The first step in making a good decision is defining the challenge that calls for a decision to be made. There are problems that require either a â€Å"no† or a â€Å"yes†, others require an urgent solution and others can wait for a certain period of time for alternative solution to be arrived. Generally to have a job well-done, it is of great importance that people involved start from the beginning. Decision making is not an exemption. In this stage, a good context of the problem is grasped. It is only after getting the correct understanding of the problem that he/she can make a good decision. Gathering data In this stage the manager should gather all relevant data and facts. It is from the facts and data that he develops various alternatives of choices that can be us ed to solve the problem at hand. The statistics will also be the ones that will support the final decision. There are various methods of collecting data; they include researching, brainstorming, and experimentation. It is the manager’s duty to choose the right method to adopt because different problems call for different methods. Depending on the problem, the people to be consulted differ. However, an effective manager should ensure that he/she consults those who matter and those who know. Consultation assists in making a more informed decision and assists in generating more alternatives of choice. Their opinions and viewpoints should be considered in the final decision making, but the manager should always keep in mind that it is his/her responsibility to come up with the right decision (Williams, 2001). Choosing the best alternative After taking time and pondering over the issues; time taken depends on the urgency of the decision, he/she chooses and implements the best alte rnative. At the initial stage a lot of support of the decision is required to ensure that the whole organization or the departments concerned have adopted it effectively. It is not always that a decision made bring the expected results; thus feedback from the people on the ground and the general performance of the business should be sorted, so as areas that need improvement are recognized. In-case an area that needs improvement has been recognized, it should be addressed appropriately (Bridge Dodds, 1975). Today, the world is regaining from the world economic crisis that started in 2007. Every economy is trying to position itself to effectively recover. The crisis has already affected economies with a large number of them having a negative economic growth. There is hope that recovery will be attained. Different businesses have been affected in different angles. The transport business is one of the many that have suffered. Alongside the difficult economic situations, the airlines ar e facing stiff competition among themselves. There are different airlines that have developed strategies that have negatively affected the other players. There is a reduced business in some to the extent that there is likelihood that they may opt to merge with others so as to make them profitable. Almost all the airlines are struggling to keep afloat; there has been high bankruptcy in both the United States and Europe. The sector is affected by both the aftermath of gulf war and the global financial crisis. Airline business is one of the tricky businesses that entry is easy but quitting the industry is hard. There is the breaking down of the traditional pricing model; the model was offering for control of price wars in the airline market. The emergence of low cost carriers was on the rise. They charge as low as the half of the traditional costs. The major question that the sector is facing is what the future holds for it. The costs are not going down but on the rise. The cost of fue l is on the rise, the expectation of the customer in terms of services expected, the meals have become expensive, and the general expenses are on the rise. Of late there is the terrorist attack that is continuously reducing the goodwill of airline companies. The sector is facing challenges especially those companies that do not have a large capacity to compete with the leading carriers. The level of technology is another area that is contributing to the â€Å"unfair† competition. This is because of the new high tech facilities/ aero planes that are consuming fuel in an efficient way. The invention has made them able to charge lower prices and give good service, at the expense of the old models without this facility. There are also the jumbo planes that are capable to carry a large number of people, and thus they enjoy economies of scale. The prices charged are lower than the small planes. The concept of free trade is another way of doing business that has made the business to develop ways that they are going to fight their competitors. This has left the control of the airlines on the hands of individuals. When the control is on the individuals, then the dominant companies are more likely to develop measures that are going to negatively affect the small players (Congressional Research Service, 1992). Recommendations Airline industry is undergoing a rapid change. Airbus Company is affected by the trend and the way forward is ensuring that the company embraces efficiency in its processes. Efficiency in a business has numerous benefits to the business. It gives a business competitive advantage; to attain efficiency, there is need to ensure that all business processes are adequately addressed. Airline Company should borrow a move that was first implemented by Motorola in 1981 when the electronic industry had high competition. Motorola named the approach as Six Sigma. Despite the fact that the project had been innovated to be used in the company; it has sprea d to businesses in United States and other places in the world. It has also been incorporated in management syllabuses. When Airbus implements a six sigma procedure, it ensures that there is efficiency in all processes in a business; it uses scientific methods like data analysis to make decisions in a certain area. The process aims at attaining specializations in areas of interest in a way that the end result will give an overall efficiency in an organization. It creates special infrastructure and labels the users of such processes as â€Å"Belts†. There are â€Å"green belts† and â€Å"black belts† among others. After developing a certain route of efficiency, it lays down steps that must be followed to all people who are working in a particular area. The steps are regarded as the path of efficiency. The path minimizes wastes in all aspects as it aims at realizing the areas of defect. Improvement of a prevailing procedure follows after that has been attained. Th e management tool analyses any derivative from perfection and offer management with an overview of the areas that they need to look into for a full efficiency. The management system assumes that if Airbus has more than 3.4 defects, then the said company has a problem that need to be addressed. This is in the areas of fuel consumption level set by the company; comfort of the planes as per the required level of the company and how fast the company meet its customers’ needs. The method acknowledges that there is no 100% efficiency level; however it is of the option that the highest attainable efficiency should be sought. It is of the opinion that there are some areas in an organization which can be improved to attain full efficiency. Airbus should works with the following objectives in mind. Ensuring customer satisfaction;- this is attained through continuous improvement of processes other than processes there is the customer care that they receive from staff it should guarante e satisfaction. Defect- failing to deliver what the customer wants the management tool ensures that there is complete satisfaction of customers by quality products free from defects. Process- internal processes needs to be looked at to ensure that there is efficiency in production processes What the customer sees and feel; stable operations- Ensuring consistent, predictable processes to improve what the customer sees and feels; and design for six sigma- designing to meet customer needs and process capability The general way that the Airbus company management tool follows can be defined as Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control. All the processes that Airline adopts when manufacturing products should be interpolated and ensured to be efficient. The initial stage of a six sigma if for management to agree and understand the need to develop a six sigma management tool when the decision has been reached it requires them to understand the prevailing condition. The first step in m aking a decision to implement six sigma management systems is defining the challenge that calls for an attention. They are involved in asking which areas require the change. Why is the change important? Generally to have a job well-done, it is of great importance that people involved start from the beginning. Decision making is not an exemption. In this stage, a good context of the problem is grasped. It is only after getting the correct understanding of the problem that he/she can make a good decision. Concerns of customers are noted, the trade of profit is analyzed. Since company A has been operating well then there has been an almost immediate change, it means there is a place where there are defects. These defects maybe in processing, in advertising, pricing or even distribution, it is the tapes of management to realize where. The next stage is for Airbus research team to gather all relevant data and facts. It is from the facts and data that he develops various alternatives of c hoices that can be used to solve the problem at hand. Customers who have complained may be called to give more details, production targets reviewed compare the company with other companies in the same industry, consider data from published and unpublished sources. The statistics will also be the ones that will support the final decision. There are various methods of collecting data; they include researching, brainstorming, and experimentation. It is the manager’s duty to choose the right method to adopt because different problems call for different methods. When adequate data has been collected, then the company has a base to make the right decision. After Airbus has understood the deficit in its production and depending on the problem, the people to be consulted differ. However, an effective manager should ensure that he/ she consults those who matter and those who know. Consultation assists in making a more informed decision and assists in generating more alternatives of ch oice. Their opinions and viewpoints should be considered in the final decision making, but the manager should always keep in mind that it is his/her responsibility to come up with the right decision. After taking time and pondering over the issues; time taken depends on the urgency of the decision, he/she chooses and implements the best alternative. At the initial stage a lot of support of the decision is required to ensure that the whole organization or the departments concerned have adopted it effectively. It is not always that a decision made bring the expected results; thus feedback from the people on the ground and the general performance of the business should be sorted, so as areas that need improvement are recognized. In-case an area that needs improvement has been recognized, it should be addressed appropriately (Heppenheimer, 1995). Certainly a decision to have a six sigma tool of management will change a number of things in an organization; the following are some of thing s that the management of six sigma should expect in Airbus Company; organizational structure; this is the way an organization set up is, it may be affected by the change about to come Addition/removal of another department; some departments may prove unworthy and as the source of inefficiency, they may be script. On the other hand, there may be need to develop a monitoring department which will be mandated with the task of overseeing the entire process removing procedural barriers to experimentation and change; these may be bureaucratic processes, some employees may be sucked, some deployed in other departments, and an additional employees may be required These are processes that involve top management to be fully involved and understand the trend and effect of the process. When all is set then next step is moved into. The last stage is control of the implemented project. When controlling there is an already set path through which processes should follow. They should start from so mewhere heading to another area. When under control, there is need to have a well defined personnel’s who have been recognized to have a certain efficiency level in an area, they should be empowered to conduct their duties. If there was a department that was scrapped, then any effects as a result should be understood and addressed Effectively project management plans are developed to ensure that the project sustainability has been attained. Though it is the final stage, it carries a lot of weight since it oversees that every process in the organization has been fully upgraded. It is not a onetime process but is a continuous one. Feedback is of importance and considered for further decision making. The following are some of the tools for this work quality control process charts, control charts, and standardization practices. Time and again there may be possibility that the Airbus Company devise better ways of doing things and this should not be locked out of the system. There is no most efficient system but it is unique to a particular organization and industry. All managerial departments should actively participate in this process for example, the human resource department is given the mandate of ensuring that adequate employees are available at all times in the organization; it has both quantitative and qualitative aspects. Qualitative means the right number of employees and qualitative means employees with right skills (McGuire, 1997). Critical factors define the path that Airline takes in attainment of its mission and vision. When the business is set to go there are things that must be done to ensure that all is well for the attainment of the set goals and objectives. In an information system case the critical success factors are the number of users who are going to use the system and the system will offer them assistance in the work that they are doing. At the same time there is the issue of market accessibility and the need for more market share as a result of the improvement. When developing an integrated system, there are the funds that go to the project and the benefit that the company is going to get as a result. When this is analyzed then the final result should be a benefit to the company. The duration that the program will be used in the company should be analyzed to ensure that it will be good enough for the company to have reaped benefits out of the investment. Customer satisfaction is another goal that the system should bring on board, since the entire development is aimed at creating a better experience to a company’s customers. References Airbus. (2010) Airbus. [Online] Available from:  https://www.airbus.com/ . Bridge, J., Dodds., J. (1975) Managerial decision making. London. Taylor Francis Congressional Research Service. (1992)  Airbus Industries: An Economic and Trade Perspective. U.S. Library of Congress. Heppenheimer, T.A. (1995)  Turbulent Skies: The History of Commercial Aviation. New York. J ohn Wiley. McGuire, S. (1997)  Airbus Industrie: Conflict and Cooperation in U.S.E.C. Trade Relations. New York. St. Martins Press. McIntyre, I. (1982)  Dogfight: The Transatlantic Battle Over Airbus. New York. Praeger Publishers. Wheelen, L., Hunger, J. (1998) Strategic Management and Business Policy: Entering 21st Century Global Society. Massachusetts. Addison Wesley Williams, S. (2001) Making better business decisions: understanding and improving critical thinking and problem-solving skills. London. Sage

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Assignment Example This programmed cell death is called apoptosis; where cells deliberately destroy themselves. The events around the death are controlled by the nuclear genes. It begins with the breaking of the chromosomal DNA into fragments then the breakdown of the nucleus. Ultimately after time the cell shrinks and is fed on by the neighboring cells and macrophages. Cells that are damaged for some reason like DNA alteration or infection undergo programmed death. The process removes lethal cells which could lead to undesired mutation or viral spread. The cell might as well die for reasons like starvation, trauma, or asphyxiate. (Geoffrey and Robert, 97 ) Programmed cell death plays a very major role in maintaining the life and health of organisms. It is a normal part of embryonic development. For instance, the fingers and toes of a human are webbed when in the embryonic stage. Through cell death, the webbing is removed through apoptosis. The immune and nervous systems are also largely developed thro ugh the same process. (Wayne, 24) The process of apoptosis involves a variety of intra and extra cellular stimuli. When it is induced by extra-cellular factors, it is triggered by cell surface death receptors. These death receptors have cytoplasmic death domains (FADD and TRADD). They are typified by the tumor necrosis receptor superfamily which includes tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR-1), TNF related apoptosis – inducing ligand recptor 1 (TRAILR-1), death receptor 3ectodermal dysplasia receptor (EDAR), nerve growth receptor and the cytotoxic T-cell proteins like perforin and granzyme-B. The FAS receptor is found on the surface of the cell (on the chromosome) and it leads to programmed cell death. Apoptosis uses it as a pathway. It also uses the mitochondrial pathway (Geoffrey and Cooper, 46) Apoptosis is driven by the impetus of enzymes from the regulated family proteolytic enzymes called caspases. Caspases are made up of upstream (initiator) caspases which are normal ly activated by death receptor signalosomes, casase 9, activated by the mitochondrial cytochrome derived apoptosome; downstream caspases (effectors) which cleave the involved proteins. Interaction with death receptor cytoplasmic death inducing signaling complexes that contain FAS-associating death domain activates caspases 2, 8 and 10. The receptors are activated by ligands involved in signaling cell death hence supporting cell selection, homeostasis, and morphogenesis and host defense (Carlo, 16) Death receptor ligands include Fas ligand, tumor necrosis factor alpha, NF-related apoptosis inducing ligand, TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis, TNF-related molecule 1 and nerve growth factor. The ligand is a homotrimetic type II transmembrane protein of the TNF family. It induces apoptosis through trimetization hence playing an important role in the regulation of immune system. It also has a role in the progression of cancer. It is the Fas ligand that forms the death inducing signalin g complex (DISC). Caspase-8 is released from DISC to the cytosol and it cleaves the other effector caspases. This leads to DNA degradation, membrane blebbing and other events that are associated with apoptosis. It is suggested that the extrinsic Fas pathway on its own can induce apoptosis in certain cell types. These cells are dubbed Type 1 cells and are characterized by the inability of the anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2

Experts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Experts - Research Paper Example He says that this thought is not the solution but rather the main problem. He claims that the government or all the people on the top are mostly in competent, tyrannical, and corrupt in their ways. The question that Easterly raises out of this book is that whether this philanthropy of the rich is a sham or actually, it points to an imperfect democracy. Throughout the book, Easterly goes on to condemn the act of the technocrats who claim to be helping the people from the clutch of poverty and in turn are crumpling their rights with these supposed remedies or solutions (Birrell). He notes that more than often these remedies, which are designed by these technocrats, are often imported from abroad. Further, these designs are although very impressive to hear in the beginning however, they have very little regard to the local conditions existing in the place it has to be implemented. Therefore, when these so-called remedies are put into effort they destroy the conditions of the economy and the people and harm them more than helping them in return. The author also shows that in most cases the autocratic economies have worse economic growth even in comparison to the democratic economies. She attributes this finding with the fact that the liberties, which are offered to the civilians, are highly essential for the free exchanging of the ide as, further this free exchange of the ideas would lead to the discovery of innovation, which would change the face of the world and ensure success. Moreover the author also points out the term innovation was coined as a term of abuse. What the author tries to make the world realize is that freedom is the solution to the problems of poverty. He claims that the arrogance of the Western thought should be abolished. He claims in this passionate argument that the approach of economic development of pitying and offering pre thought out solutions has to be stopped because these

Council Reforms on Basement Apartments Assignment

Council Reforms on Basement Apartments - Assignment Example The fiscal crisis had hit the city forcing the government to forge creative ways to house its people. In the 1980 and 1990s, the city’s housing expenditures amounted to more than three times the housing expenditures for the next 32 years (Tauranac, 1979). This was facilitated by former Mayor Ed Koch’s ten-year plan on housing. Initially, Koch intended the plan to be actualized in five years. However, due to the increase in illegal housing units, and the inability of the state to provide housing the plan was stretched (Navarro, 2013). The graph below shows the increase in illegal apartments in New York between 1983 and 2013.   Challenges, however, have rocked the housing sector forcing people to take up alternative housing for example cellars and basement apartments. The government, however, does not support this action, as these housing units are not fit for human occupancy due to health and safety risks as specified by The New York City Building or Housing Maintenance code, Article 5- Occupancy of cellars and basements.   The policy targeted for reforms is the Housing Maintenance Code, (ARTICLE 5- Occupancy of Cellars and Basements). It states that basements, cellars, and â€Å"granny flats,† should not be rented or occupied due to health and safety measures. This policy can be found on the website.   As you are aware, Statistics from The housing experts estimate that there are 100,000 illegal apartments in New York City. Last year, Buildings Department officials acknowledged 18,126 complaints concerning illegal units (Belsha, n.d.). The City’s Department of Buildings’- DOB issues annually more than 4,440 violations for illegal conversion of basements, cellars, and attics: - which are not fit for human occupancy due to health and safety risks.

Family communication | The Glass Castle

Family communication | The Glass Castle   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In The Glass Castle Jeanette tells us about the story of her life as she had lived it. She and her siblings had lived a life that she describes as having a lot of stressors. Her story has memoir in which she proves to the reader that living with bad parents and poverty do not really determine that the kids will lead a miserable future just as their parents. In this book, Walls reveals her life as difficult during her bringing up but yet love existed within the family. In this paper, we are therefore going to look at those stressors that the family went through;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jeanette sees her mother coming out of a dumpster with some lagged clothes tied around her neck. Her mother lucks a home to live in and this lives her with no choice but to look for any place that she can lay her head and also find something that can fill her stomach. It is very sad for Jeanette to see her mother this way as it would feel for anyone to watch their mothers go through this type of embarrassments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Back in her childhood life, Jeanette suffers some serious burns as she boils hotdogs and her dress catches fire from the stove she is using. This lives her to spend many days in a local hospital near her home area in Arizona. Her parents prove to be so irresponsible as they dont take as much care as it would be imagined even by the hospital staff. The rumor goes throughout the hospital but Jeanette does not discuss this issue with the parents.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Her father takes the risk of grabbing and sneaking his little daughter out of the hospital escaping all the bills that he was intended to pay for the hospital to release the daughter. This happens even before she heals completely. The escape lives the family with no choice but running away from their hometown for they would highly deal with the low. They have to travel long distance and through hot deserts. They later settle in several towns in which the father is unable to pay house rent and this makes them keep on vacating.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The father becomes a drunkard and cannot hold onto his job despite his intelligence and talent on mechanical background. This makes the families life a living hell full of poverty and problems that never come to an end. His promise to his children to build a good house for the family fails as he cannot raise the amount to put up such a house. The fathers behavior and failure lives the children helpless and end up begging their mother to work and bring food to the table.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Luckily, the mother holds a degree in teaching but cannot get herself a job for she is lazy and the children have to drag her out of bed. This behavior has severally made her loose her job despite the fact that her residential area lucks qualified teachers. She later secures a job but her salary does not fully help the family. The father demands for her paycheck and spends the money on his drink and his own benefits.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This miserable state keeps on taking place for a long time living the children to go on sleeping on uncomfortable hard boxes and watching their parents fight in daily bases. The childrens bellies rumble every time due to hanger. They feed on anything that would fill their bellies and not for the sake of having a balanced diet meal like in other families. For this case, the mother has to teach them how to take rotten food down their throat while they hold the noses.The family went through these stressors and it affects their relationship since the kids see the father as irresponsible and harsh as they fear him. It also affects the husband-wife relationship since the mother has to fight her husband daily. The communication is on its negative side for the mother does not hold any ability to fight for her right to manage the salary she earns. The children also suffer silently as they have to spend their nights on hard boxes but cannot communicate to the fa ther and express their grievances.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Despite all poverty and stressors that they experience, the family has a genuine and strong love towards each other. They remain loyal and the familys father Rex is very encouraging, tender and wise when handling his children and wife whenever he is sober. As Jeanette gives the reader her memoir, she explains her life so well to ensure that she gives the real story that has experienced in her growing up.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jeanette and her siblings grow in the worst conditions that no one can ever deserve or think of but it does not change their feelings towards their parents. They continue loving them without realizing how cruel they have been until when they grow up and mature (Jeannette, p134). Jeanette spends her teenage life in the west side of Virginia where the father is forced to retreat to their home area after experiencing a miserable life in Arizona.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Here, the life of this family does not get better but continues to hit its worst points as they live under a roof that leaks. Rex tries to mend the roof but it does not do them any good either. In fact, they also have to face challenges as they have nowhere to dispose their rubbish and waste. The family is forced to put up with a smelly condition as they dispose the wastes in small holes that they dig.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Food also continues to be another problem for they cannot afford to buy any and they almost go without it. Jean is forced to go to high school and dig leftovers from the garbage as her father continues to drink irresponsibly as usual. As their lives get worse and miserable, Jeanettes mother ends up doing the most awful things one can ever imagine. Jeanette and her siblings find a ring made of diamond and decide to sell it so that they could buy food. The mother does not agree with this idea since she wants to maintain her dignity. This action lives the family in the some state of lacking food and starving.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Jeanette or her siblings go out playing with other kids, they are mocked and addressed as kids who are health epidemic for they live in garbage places. Her family and their neighbors always fight for they keep on picking on their perverted situation. Hours spent in school are also not favoring to her either; she has to steal other kids food or hide in the bathroom at lunch hours while the others take their food. After lunch, she comes out and collects the leftovers and eats them for she has no choice over it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  She later gets tired of this life and decides to go to New York where she gets further studies. She lives her family with the aim of getting knowledge that will secure her a good job and enable her to take care of her family. While she is in New York, her father gets ill and is admitted to the hospital suffering from Tuberculosis. She visits him and pleads with him not to leave the hospital before he fully recovers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Later, she receives a call from her parents that they were homeless and had no place to go. She decides to move in with them for she still has great love for them despite the life they had offered in during her child life (Jeannette, p100). People around Jeanette discourage her about this idea saying that it was not good to give the homeless a place to stay for it makes them lazy and reluctant on finding their own home; his pisses her off but she does not show it to them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jeanette is forced to change the idea of attending a private school while her parents have no home. Instead, she opts to stay and take care of them but her brothers go against her decision telling her that her mother owned a whole lot of jewelry she could sell and that she has a land in Texas where her husband and her could go and live. Her husband behavior does not change and she is forced to live him. She has although kept a secret land away from her family and when Jeanette discovers this; she is really annoyed with her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After her brothers death, Mary then goes to live in his land her in which her life does not change. She continues living miserably especially now that her communication with her children and husband had been disturbed. It is true to say that the love of the daughter towards the mother by now has changed unlike before when she was still a young girl and innocent to place judgment on her parents treatment towards them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jeanette later marries Eric whom she has dated for five years. She moves in with him to a better house since Eric came from a rich family. She tries her best to take care of her younger sister who tends to take the wrong direction in her life. Jeanettes life has changed and she feels that her siblings should follow her steps for they have faced the same miserable lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Her mother cannot hold on the problems she is facing and goes ahead to borrow money from Jeanettes husband a step that annoys her to a great extent. What annoys her most is the fact that she has kept the land that she owns away from the family despite all the poverty and problems that they went through during their earlier life. As if this is not enough, she goes ahead to borrow money from Jeanettes new husband so that she could purchase the other half of the land.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Later, Jeanette visits her father who tells her that she is suffering from a disease that he contracted while fighting with a Nigerian who happened to be a drug dealer. He later suffers from a hurt attach and is placed in a machine that supports his life. He spends his last moments with Jeanette who holds his arm recalling of how he had told them that he would prefer his body placed on a mountain when he dies- he later dies after an hour and the machine turned off. Jeanette grieves her fathers death and in one year, she lives her husband as she saw him as not the right man for her. Work cited Jeannette Walls. The Glass Castle: A Memoir. Scribner, 2006: 45-250

Billy Budd Essay: Comparing Christ to Billy -- Billy Budd Essays

Comparing Christ to Billy of Billy Budd      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "I stand for the heart. To the dogs with the head!" wrote Herman Melville in his June 1851 letter to Nathaniel Hawthorne (Davis and Gilman 3). Yet, by the time he began writing Billy Budd, Sailor in 1888, Melville must have tempered this view, for Billy Budd depicts the inevitable destruction of a man who is all heart but who utterly lacks insight. Melville no doubt intends for his reader to connect this tale with the gospel of Jesus Christ. Billy Budd endures a persecution similar to Christ's; he is executed for like reasons, and he eventually ascends, taking "the full rose of the dawn" (BB 376). Yet, in creating Billy Budd, Melville forms a character who is but a half-Christ, more like the Child than the Man. Indeed, a number of characteristics and circumstances sharply distinguish Billy Budd from the complete Christ. These differences ultimately work to support Melville's (now refined) philosophy that innocence, unaccompanied by wisdom, must inevitably meet wi th destruction and that only when a man balances the "spontaneous impulses of [his] 'heart'" against the experiential "wisdom of [his] 'head'" (Howard 328) can he prevail in a fallen world.    Critics often connect Billy Budd with the Christ Child. Richard Chase, for instance, writes that Billy Budd is the realization of Melville's "fresh commitment to the infantile Christ" (267), and Milton Stern claims that Billy's behavior represents an "ideal Christliness" because he accepts "everything with animal insightlessness and the childlike faith of innocence" (216). Christ taught that to enter heaven, one must become like a little child (Matt. 18:2-3). Many have inferred from this that, from a Christian perspective, ... ...W.H. Gilman, eds. The Letters of Herman Melville. New Haven: Yale UP, 1960. Online. Internet. 29 July 1998. Available HTTP: www.melville.org Howard, Leon. Herman Melville: A Biography. Berkley: U of California P, 1951. Melville, Herman. Billy Budd, Sailor and Other Stories. Ed. Frederick Busch. New York: Penguin, 1986. - - -. Moby Dick. Ed. Charles Child Walcutt. New York: Bantam, 1981. Richards, Lawrence O. The Bible Reader's Companion. Wheaton: SP Publications, Inc., 1991. Sten, Christopher W. "Vere's Use of the 'Forms': Means and Ends in 'Billy Budd.'" On Melville: The Best from American Literature. Ed. Louis J. Budd and Edwin H. Cady. Durham: Duke UP, 1988. 188-202. Stern, Milton R. The Fine Hammered Steel of Herman Melville. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1968. The Holy Bible, New King James Version. Dallas: Thomas Nelson, Inc., 1979.

Greek Mythology and Hades Essay

The ancient Greek people wrote stories about characters known as gods in order to explain things in the world. For example, the story of Hades and Persephone explains why plants do not grow in the winter. The story of Hades and Persephone is only one story however, and they are only two gods out of the large number of immortal characters that the Greeks created. Hades is the god of the underworld, goes by many different names, was extremely protective of his posessions, and was married to the beautiful God, Persephone. The Underworld (Image from Medea’s Greek Lair; painting by Kythera Ann) Greek gods have many different names, and different spellings. For example, Greek Gods all have different names they can be called. Hades goes by many names, such as Aides, Lord of the darkness, Pluto, and god of the dead (www. theoi. com). Hades is most commonly known as the god of the underworld, and Aides is another Greek spelling of Hades. Lord of the Darkness is from his most prized posession, his helmet from the Titanomachy war. Pluto is his Roman name. Pluto is the easiest to remember, however I have found that most texts refer to him as Hades. Lord of the Dead is not to be confused with god of death or the devil, as the god of death is called Thanatos, a less popular god (www. helium. com). While Thanatos is a God, I think that Hades is a more important figure in the Greek world. Although, Hades protects things such as funerals and burial ceremonies, Hades is a completely different person than Thanatos. Hades’ Helmet of Darkness (Image from Medea’s Greek Lair) In the time of Greek Gods and Goddesses, there was a ten-year war called the Titanomachy. In addition, to win the war, the Cyclops gave the three brothers special weapons (www. helium. com). Hades was given the Helmet of Darkness; therefore, allowing him to become invisible. This invisibility allowed him to sneak on to enemy territory, which is a nifty ability. After winning the war against the Titans, the brothers were rightfully deemed their regions; Hades won the Underworld (www. helium. com). The Underworld is not depicted as hell in the Christian society, but as an island in the west ocean. However, Hades’ land, the Underworld, was thought of as under Greece as time passed. One of the Greek gods’ favorite activities was to get married. For example, Hades had a wife named Persephone, daughter of Demeter and Zeus. Hades married Persephone after abducting her (www. netplaces. com); sweeping beneath Demeter’s careful eye and stealing her most prized posession. Persephone, in my opinion, is the most beautiful of all the Gods. However, this inconsiderate action is a display of his relentless power. Despite Demeter’s wishes, Persephone stays with Hades during the winter only, and she is returned to her mother for the other eight months of the year (www.netplaces. com). At a time, Persephone was about to leave the Underworld entirely, but she ate pomegranate seeds at a banquet that Hades threw for her, which chained her to the Underworld forever. After eating food from the Underworld, the eater must always be forced to return eventually. With time, Persephone grew to like her husband more and became content with her life. Hades is the powerful God of the Underworld, husband of Persephone and goes by many different names, and is feared by all mortals. Hades is not to be confused with Thatamos, God of Death. He also participated in the Titanomachy, winning the Underworld and his helmet of darkness, Persephone, image by Marta Dahlig which he cherishes even more than his abducted wife, Persephone. Hades is one of the most powerful Gods, right next to Zeus and Poseidon. However, Hades is my favorite God. Works Cited Ann, Kythera. â€Å"Tales of Hades. † Hades. Medea’s Lair of Greek Mythology, n. d. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. . Atsuma, Aaron J. â€Å"HADES : Greek King of the Underworld, God of the Dead ; Mythology ; Pictures : HAIDES, PLUTO. † HADES : Greek King of the Underworld, God of the Dead ; Mythology ; Pictures : HAIDES, PLUTO. Amazon, n. d. Web. 31 Oct. 2012. . Conner, Nancy. â€Å"Classical Mythology. † The Abduction of Persephone. The New York Times Company, n. d. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. . Harry, Tim. â€Å"Greek Mythology: Hades, the God of the Dead. † Helium. Helium, 01 Apr. 2008. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. .

Plumbing Business

INTRODUCTION Plumbing (from the Latin plum bum for lead as pipes were once made from lead) is the skilled trade of working with pipes, tubing and plumbing fixtures for drinking water systems and the drainage of waste. A plumber is someone who installs or repairs piping systems, plumbing fixtures and equipment such as water heaters. The plumbing industry is a basic and substantial part of every developed economy due to the need for clean water, and proper collection and transport of wastes.Plumbing also refers to a system of pipes and fixtures installed in a building for the distribution of potable water and the removal of waterborne wastes. Plumbing is usually distinguished from water and sewage systems, in that a plumbing system serves one building, while water and sewage systems serve a group of buildings or a city. The name of my small plumbing business is water tubes plumbing co. it is located at obehie, very close to veritas university, it provides homes with the best of plumbin g services, with a great range of new equipment. Executive SummaryWater Tubes Plumbing  is a Eugene-based plumbing company that has chosen residential new homes as their niche. Water Tubes will be able to handle any service request for plumbing of volume home builds or custom new homes. By concentrating on a specific segment of the market, Water Tubes will be able to rapidly gain market share  demonstrating their proficiency and professionalism in serving a specific market niche. Water Tubes will leverage their competitive edges of professionalism and trim quality by properly training all of their employees and impress customers who are used to the lackadaisical attitude of most plumbers.Water Tubes will have a total of four employees and will reach profitability by month eight. Objectives The objectives for the first three years of operation include: To  develop a  company whose primary goal is to exceed customer's expectations. To increase sales so in four to five years Do n can hire another master plumber. To create a sustainable business, surviving off its own cash flow. Mission Water Tubes Plumbing's  mission is to provide the finest new house plumbing installation. We exist to attract and maintain customers. When we adhere to this maxim, everything else will fall into place.Our services will exceed the expectations of our customers. Keys to Success The keys to success are to provide the customer with a fair price and outstanding service. Materials Water systems of ancient times relied on gravity for the supply of water, using pipes or channels usually made of clay, lead, bamboo or stone. Present-day water-supply systems use a network of high-pressure pumps, and pipes are now made of copper, brass, plastic, or other nontoxic material. Present-day drain and vent lines are made of plastic, steel, cast-iron, and lead. Lead is not used in modern water-supply piping due to its toxicity.The ‘straight' sections of plumbing systems are of pipe or t ube. A pipe is typically formed via casting or welding, where a tube is made through extrusion. Pipe normally has thicker walls and may be threaded or welded, where tubing is thinner-walled and requires special joining techniques such as ‘brazing', ‘compression fitting', ‘crimping', or for plastics, ‘solvent welding'. Fittings and valves In addition to the straight pipe or tubing, many fittings are required in plumbing systems, such as valves, elbows, tees, and unions. The piping and plumbing fittings and valves articles discuss these features further. FixturesPlumbing fixtures are designed for the end-users. Some examples of fixtures include water closets (also known as toilets), urinals, bidets, showers, bathtubs, utility and kitchen sinks, drinking fountains, ice makers, humidifiers, air washers, fountains, and eye wash stations. Equipment Plumbing equipment, not present in all systems, include, for example, water meters, pumps, expansion tanks, backflow p reventers, filters, water softeners, water heaters, heat exchangers, gauges, and control systems. Now there is equipment that is technologically advanced and helps plumbers fix problems without the usual hassles.For example, plumbers use video cameras for inspections of hidden leaks or problems, they use hydro jets, and high pressure hydraulic pumps connected to steel cables for trench-less sewer line replacement. Systems Copper piping system in a building with in tumescent fire stop being installed by an insulator, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The major categories of plumbing systems or subsystems are: Potable cold and hot water supply Traps, drains, and vents Septic systems Rainwater, surface, and subsurface water drainage Fuel gas pipingFor their environmental benefit and sizable energy savings hot water heat recycling units are growing in use throughout the residential building sectors. Further ecological concern has seen increasing interest in grey-water recovery and tr eatment systems. Self-leveling silicone fire stop installation in mechanical service penetration in 2 hour rated concrete floor. Fire stopping is required where mechanical pent rants traverse fire-resistance rated wall and floor assemblies, or membranes thereof. This work is usually done worldwide by the insulation trade and/or specialty fire stop sub-contractors.Regulation Much of the plumbing work in populated areas is regulated by government or quasi-government agencies due to the direct impact on the public's health, safety, and welfare. Plumbing installation and repair work on residences and other buildings generally must be done according to plumbing and building codes to protect the inhabitants of the buildings and to ensure safe, quality construction to future buyers. If permits are required for work, plumbing contractors typically secure them from the authorities on behalf of home or building owners.In the United Kingdom the professional body is the newly Chartered Institut e of Plumbing and Heating Engineering (educational charity status) and it is true that the trade still remains virtually ungoverned; there are no systems in place to monitor or control the activities of unqualified plumbers or those home owners who choose to undertake installation and maintenance works themselves, despite the health and safety issues which arise from such works when they are undertaken incorrectly – see Health Aspects of Plumbing (HAP) published jointly by the World Health Organization(WHO) [8] and the World Plumbing Council (WPC) [6].WPC has subsequently appointed a representative to the World Health Organization to take forward various projects related to Health Aspects of Plumbing. Starting up a plumbing business Well, if you are starting your own business involving skilled workers working with pipes, tubing and plumbing fixtures for water systems and drainage, then you should know exactly where your plumber is. If you wish to launch your own plumbing busi ness, the first thing that you should decide on is what kind of plumbing business you wish to start: service-oriented or product-oriented.If you are a business entrepreneur and you want to start a product-oriented plumbing business, you basically act as a supplier of pipes and tubing paraphernalia. You can also sell tools and other equipments to supplement your plumbing supply business. On the other hand, a service-oriented plumbing business can go two ways: a plumbing and heating business, and a fix-‘er-upper. The former is a business arrangement where you set up the necessary components of plumbing, heating and drainage in any architectural structure. The latter, on the other hand, is the most common type of small business plumbing type.The fix-‘er-upper (from the term fix her up) is when a house owner calls up a plumber to fix a broken sink or a clogged toilet, etc. This kind of business can still be categorized further as contractor and small business plumbing. For p urposes of discussion in this article, we will detail what business entrepreneurs need to do in order to start a fix-‘er-upper plumbing business. Obviously, you would need a plumber for this trade, preferably a skilled plumber who can install and repair piping systems, plumbing fixtures and water heaters.If you are a contractor, you need to know where to find reliable and trustworthy plumbers. Try to hire ones that have the most experience and are able to do quick work with minimal supervision. If you have inexperienced workers, it would be best to apprentice them with your veteran plumbers on their first few runs. As a contractor, it is your duty to buy the equipments and tools your workers need, get them to your clients when called and bill your clients accordingly. The plumbing business is a lucrative trade, if and when your plumbers can get to a job on time.Starting a plumbing business like this entails registering your business, acquiring a plumbing business license and e ven maybe acquiring plumbing business software so that you can bill your clients immediately and precisely. Transportation is important. The other type of fix-‘er-upper plumbing business involves just you, provided of course that you are a plumber. As a micro-entrepreneur, you can start this business from home; you don’t even need a complicated business set up as long as you’ve got the skills and tools to do the job.A successful business of this sort still needs to be registered and licensed, so don’t overlook that. Your business success is actually dependent on two things: how well you do your job (that your clients will seek and refer your services often) and how well you advertise your trade. As a plumbing business owner, you know that your services will not have a running start unless people know that you are a plumber, and that your services are available. Plumbing business cards are essential.If you can’t afford these as of yet, putting up fly ers and home-made posters can do most of the advertising for you. However, nothing beats word-of-mouth advertising. So tell your friends and family members that you are starting a plumbing business and ask them to help refer you to potential clients. Know the local requirements In addition to understanding the general guidelines for setting up any small business, you must explore the specific professional, legal and regulatory guidelines that are required to set up and operate a plumbing business in your locality.Licensing Professional licensing and certification requirements must be obtained to start and operate a plumbing business. Each state may have a different name for its licensing agency, but typically they have a name like The Department of Business ; Professional Regulation or the Construction Industry Licensing Board. Seek assistance from local business development providers You can also seek guidance and assistance from organizations in your area such as the local chapter of score or a local Small Business Development Center. Seek assistance from trade groupsBefore setting up a plumbing contracting business, find out if there is a local chapter of a national trade association like the Plumbing Heating Cooling Contractors Association (see link below) who can provide you with information about the requirements of setting up a plumbing business in your area. After being established, a membership in such organizations can provide you access to business and management training, along with professional development resources. Marketing a plumbing business It takes time and effort to grow any small business.As is the case with most service industries, plumbers tend to find most of their customers through word of mouth. The key to great word of mouth referrals is to provide great service at a reasonable cost to your current customers. Traditionally, telephone Yellow Page listings are important to developing business for residential repair and maintenance bus iness. Internet advertising, especially search advertising, is becoming more and more important to any professional service provider like plumbers. You need to know how to make sure that potential customers find your company's name when they search for a plumber in your vicinity.Franchise and cooperative marketing plumbing businesses Rather than create a totally new plumbing business, some plumbers consider buying a franchise of a national or regional franchise plumbing company. (Be sure to read the SmallBusiness. com Guide to Franchising for important suggestions and background on things you should explore when considering becoming a franchisee. ) In some locations, independent contractors may enter into joint marketing cooperatives that allow them to gain referrals and other marketing services in exchange for a recurring fee or commission. Plumbing Business PlanIf you are to open A Plumbing Business you will need to do a lot of things! We have no doubt that if you are to open A Pl umbing Business you will understand everything about the Plumbing Business but we can help you with a simple checklist of the things that every business has to do. Decide whether to buy an existing business, start a new business, or buy a franchise. Decide on the form of business: partnership, limited company, corporation or sole proprietorship. Estimate how much cash you will need to start your business advertising, fixtures, decorating, inventory, fees, working capital, etc. and estimate your monthly expenses.If the business will be incorporated you must decide where. If you will form a partnership, draft the partnership agreement. Check local laws in regard to zoning, permits, and licenses your business may require. Obtain a minute book, corporate seal, and stock certificates. Conduct a market analysis to determine the viability of your enterprise. Select and reserve a corporate name (first and second choices). Select officers and directors (names, addresses, and Social Security numbers). Develop marketing, advertising, and public relations plans. Develop a capitalization / borrowing / credit / debt service plan and cash flow plan ObjectivesThe objectives for the first three years of operation include: To  develop a  company whose primary goal is to exceed customer's expectations. To increase sales so in four to five years Don can hire another master plumber. To create a sustainable business, surviving off its own cash flow. Profitably carry out quality Hydraulic projects within Australia whilst:  · Producing workmanship in excess of our clients requirements.  · Completing projects earlier than the contracted completion dates.  · Ensuring the health and safety of employees and the general public.  · Minimising disturbance to and effects on the environment. Providing secure and satisfying employment for all employees. A sample of a company’s plumbing plan Company Summary Water Tubes Plumbing, soon to be located in Eugene, OR, will offer pl umbing services for residential new houses as well as custom new houses. The business will be based out of Don Roto's house. Water Tubes will have four employees by the end of the year. Start-up Summary Water Tubes will require the following equipment and materials: Two trucks (used) fitted with a pipe rack on top. Assorted pipes (different diameters and materials). Assorted fittings.A 30 gallon bucket to store fittings. Pipe wrenches. Reciprocating saw. Circular saw. Whole hog (high torque right angle drill). Cordless screw gun. Propane torch. Cast iron pipe cutter. Extension cords. Pipe dope (Teflon tape in paste form). Computer with CD-RW, printer, Microsoft Office, QuickBooks Pro. Desk, chair, and filling cabinet, and assorted stationary. Mobile phone. Please note that the items which are considered assets to be used for more than a year will be labeled long-term assets and will be depreciated using G. A. A. P. approved straight-line depreciation method.

Does Globalisation contribute to the growth of terrorism Essay Example

Does Globalisation contribute to the growth of terrorism Essay Example Does Globalisation contribute to the growth of terrorism Essay Does Globalisation contribute to the growth of terrorism Essay Essay Topic: Notes From Underground Globalisation has contributed to the growth of internationalised linkages through the ideals of free market liberalisation. It has facilitated the growth of multi-national companies whose business networks are connected through the internet and global communications networks. This interconnectedness has a dark side according to Louise Shelly, Terrorists have also globalised, taking advantage of the ability to recruit internationally, to be close to diaspora communities that can support them financially and logically.1 Jessica Stern feels that the current crop of global Jihadists are, both an expression and a symptom of globalisation, spread through the internet and other global media such as satellite television2. The concept of globalisation leads to a backlash against it3 and against the US lead Westernisation of the world. In a globalised world the causes of terrorism are, derived from a series of political, economic and technological problems that are interconnected4 and in turn the tools of globalisation; the internet, the media and the increased flow of materiel and people, are exploited.5 As Cronin states, Terrorism has a long and varied history6. It has been utilised by different groups for a myriad of reasons and in itself is almost impossible to define. At its most basic level terrorism can be viewed as having a political nature, using acts of violence against innocent targets to precipitate political change7. It is primarily used by non state actors, even when these groups have received funding or assistance from state actors. Since the end of the cold war, the world has seen a large increase in the amount of what Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon describe as Sacred Terror- mainly Islamic-based terror groups who see the overthrow of the west and the containing disconnection from the globalised world as their raison detre.8 In 2005 a working group for the Club de Madrids International Summit on Democracy, Terrorism and Security published a paper: Addressing the Causes of Terror; which outlined six contributions that globalisation has made to the growth of terrorism. These were: 1. Globalization as a cause and motivation for terror. 2. Cultural resistance to globalisation. 3. Globalisation fosters the development of new minorities. 4. Globalisation increases the opportunities for militant and terrorist groups. 5. Linkages develop between political and criminal networks. 6. Globalisation weakens the state. Using these six factors as well as information and evidence from other sources, this paper intends to outline how globalisation has contributed to the growth of terrorist activities. Globalization as a cause and motivation for terror The countries that have not integrated successfully into the new liberal global economy find a growth in inequalities and social polarization. Globalisation has divided the world into haves and have-nots, those that are rich in information and those that are disconnected from the information the West takes for granted. This may lead to a growth in terrorist activities by groups seeking a more equal disruption of globalisations benefits.9 This could be considered ironic, as US intelligence estimates put Bin Ladens personal fortune, gained through the use of globally based companies in excess of $500 million.10 The sweeping changes that globalisation has brought to the world have led to inequalities and poverty in certain locations. Ted Robert Gurr writes in his work on the economic factors of terrorism that, Macro-studies show that terrorism can occur anywhere, but it is more common in developing countries economic change creates conditions that are conducive to instability, the emergence of militant movements and extremist ideologies11. In many states where globalisation has lead to a changes in the economic structure, the structure of culture and society as well as changes in political doctrine, there is the possibility of a growth of terrorist groups. However to prove this is a hard task. Beyond interviewing each and every terrorist group active in the world today, it is almost impossible to prove empirically that globalisation is a direct cause of grievances amongst terrorist groups. Some commentators feel that the humiliating effects of the negative aspects of globalisation incur the wrath of certain militant ideologies12; that the grievances of some groups are fuelled by social and economic tensions13. Certainly Al Qaeda subscribes to this view as the argument of Ayman Al Zawarhiri demonstrates: that it is better for the youth of the Muslim world to take up arms than to submit to the humiliation of globalisation and Western hegemony14. Others feel the opposite, that while globalisation increases the terrorists ability to harm us, globalisation is not a direct influence on them15. One can only conclude this by noting that terrorism is a large subject and its adherents encompass such a wide scope of ideologies, that it could be said that the very nature of globalisation, even if it only affected one group, does contribute to the growth of terrorism in general. Cultural resistance to globalisation The global spread of liberal western market-driven culture can be interpreted by some militants as the infiltration of an alien and corrupting culture. This is then used by some nationalist or religious groups as a justification for terror activities.16 The Wests cultural inclination toward consumerism and acquisition of materials has become a source of anger for those in spheres without access to certain material products. Globalisation has lead to the broadening of travel by certain ethnic groups, as people from disconnected states; such as Africa, attempt to move to the west in order to gain more prosperity. This has contributed to the growth of certain terror groups, often right-wing in nature, that enact vigilante acts against what they see as the encroachment of the culture of illegal immigrants on national identity. 17 Globalisation as a philosophy, as the expression of western expansion and as a symbol of the corrupting influence of democracies, can be seen by certain groups; principally Al Qaeda and its affricatives, whose principal aim is the complete destruction of these corrupting values, as a justification for violence. 18 Globalisation fosters the development of new minorities Globalisation facilitates the movement of populations around the globe. This has lead to the development of new minorities within established and settled populations, many of whom have views that are, at minimum, sympathetic to groups with extremist ideologies.19 The wide dispersal of populations, often due to migration facilitated by globalisations open borders, has given terror groups a wide network of recruitment through diasporas20. At present, figures show that around 80% of recruits to the Salafi Jihadist terror movements have come from Islamic diaspora groups. Globalisation, through its open borders, has contributed to the growth of recruitment for the Salafi Jihadist movement and its connected terror groups such as AQ and its affiliates21. Gabriel Sheffer of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem observes that 27 of the 50 most active terrorist groups are either segments of ethno-nationalist or religious diasporas, or are supported by them.22 The wide dispersal of a population allows extremist movements within these populations to co-ordinate actions on a trans-national basis. For example, Borik Zadeh of the Battelle Institute found that mosques in Ohio, London, Frankfurt, and Paris were delivering virtually identical sermons, the key message of which was an endorsement of global war against the West.23. In the same way that globalisation benefits a multi-national corporation by allowing it to place staff across the globe and communicate with them; terror groups reap the same rewards through their ability to communicate, recruit and plan and execute attacks, utilising dispersed global populations of like minded individuals. Globalisation increases the opportunities for militant and terrorist groups Globalisation has facilitated the growth of terrorism through the movement of operatives across borders, information through the internet and money through international finances; legitimate as well as illegal. At the same time, the physical links in the global network from pipelines and communication networks to a globalised world population have become targets. 24 In the eight year period from 1987 to 1994, there were 9575 global casualties for terrorism. In the next nine years, 1995 to 2003, that total jumped to 27608. 25 Martha Crenshaw states in the Club de Madrid Series on Democracy and Terrorism that Globalization, for example, facilitates the spread of terrorism but is not a direct cause. (One paradox is that groups with the most fervent anti-Western ideologies exploit Western technology for their own gain) 26 On September 11 the very weapon that the terrorist operatives used was the passenger jet, which had hitherto been celebrated for bringing the world together.27 In fact RAND Corporation analysts point to the hijacking by PLO operatives of an Israeli passenger liner in 1968 as the first act of international terror. 28 In the modern phase of terrorism, the use of the tools of globalisation is apparent in the way that terror groups use new technologies, in the movement of terror operatives, and the changes in sources of support. As is common in globalisation, these are intertwined with one another, reflecting the interconnectedness of things that come about due to globalisation. 29 Modern terrorist groups are extremely adept at using the tools of globalisation. As David Barno writes in Parameters, Their command and control centre system is the internet, the laptop, the courier and the cell phone, drawing on technologies that were invented and paid for by their adversariestheir biggest operational weapon is the global information grid, particularly the international media30. With particular reference to the global network of Al Qaeda and its affiliates, it can be seen that through the use of a globalisations tools, particularly the internet, Al Qaeda has been able to disperse its message and gain support for its actions.31 In December of 2006, in a speech to the International Institute of Strategic Studies, Alexander Downers said, In the internet age, terrorist propaganda is everywhere. It cannot be blocked. 32 Al Sahab (the clouds), Al Qaedas media outlet, uses technology extremely well to propagate the martyrdom videos and propaganda videos of Bin Ladens rhetoric. 33 The internet; the principle tool of globalisation, has made facilitating a terrorist operation far more accessible to those with terrorist intentions. Information once only accessible to governments is now easily available to those with the necessary skills in utilising the information super-highway.34 In a few minutes one can access websites that instruct on sniper techniques and the construction of a pipe bomb35. The SITE Institute website36 alone carries numerous links to videos on bomb-making techniques. Further, the internet has enabled anyone with a grudge to form a movement that can be spread globally at the push of a mouse button. 37 Linkages develop between political and criminal networks Organised crime and terror networks have utilised the same methods for moving arms, money and other material across borders. Illegal banking activates have likewise been used by both terrorists and criminals. Terrorist groups increasingly funnel funds gained from illicit activities, such as drug dealing, to fund operations such as bombings, assassinations and hijackings. 38 The idea that criminal enterprises and terrorist operations are distinct and separate is both antiquated and erroneous. Terrorist groups have utilised the same underground channels to funnel arms and funds across borders as well as using the same infrastructure to change identities and move operatives. Louise Shelly notes in her work on the internationalisation of crime and terror, that the same language school used by the September 11 hijackers to gain their visas, was likewise used to provide visa documents for a major prostitution smuggling ring39. Globalisation weakens the state Due to globalisation, some governments have seen a weakening in their ability to control their own economies, diminishing their ability to project security. A growth in terrorist activity is sometimes a result of this. 40 While this is often the pervue of developing nations and failed states, it does have ramifications for the west. Globalisation is often marked down as a weakener of state controls. As the free market governs international relations, and regulations become less and less of the states concern, we will begin to see more and more illicit activity on the periphery of states controls. For example, we can look at the Riggs Bank in Washington DC, which was prosecuted for facilitating a transfer of funds to a terrorist group, while at the same time maintaining a client list that included diplomats and former US presidents.41 Existing in a globalised world means that actions of states, both at home and abroad, now have far more repercussions for security than before. Relating to the growth of terrorism, it can be viewed that: The states susceptibility to terrorism is determined not just by how it treats its citizens at home but by its actions abroad. When such actions lack international legitimacy and local populations perceive them as unjust, radical groups come to see terrorism as an appropriate response 42. In the interconnected world of globalisation, our very actions in fighting terror; in the way that states action their defences against terror, may lead to a greater number of disaffiliated actors who may turn to terror as a means of reprisal. Combating terrorism may also lead to a weakening of state controls, as acts of terrorism weaken states authority from below by emasculating the state, while the global governance takes control away form the states from above. This global governance will be accepted by states that wish to see terrorism combated for them by larger systems in the global community.43 Globalisation has contributed to the growth in terrorism through the use of its tools and through the agenda it pushes. Certainly the new crop of global terrorists seem to be railing against the perceived injustices caused by globalisation, as witnessed by the antagonism and alienation it causes in certain spheres. Some states have been weakened by globalisation, and these states have provided safe-havens for terrorism to flourish, offering support both logistically ands philosophically through global communities. The global network of finance has been exploited and terrorist groups work increasingly with criminal elements to secure illicit funds to push their operations further. These operations are broadcast globally through terrorist propaganda on websites. Be this as it may, the world still has the opportunity to use the tools of globalisation to better combat this rising darkness. Through global education and the interconnectedness of security treaties and trans-national allianc es, the world may yet begin to erode the support base that terrorist groups have throughout the disconnected places of this increasingly connected world.

Astronomy Frontier paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Astronomy Frontier - Research Paper Example Recent discoveries by the astronomers illustrate that BHs are the major partner to expand the galaxies. Before finding the activities of black holes, it is necessary to mention here the size and shape of BHs. A black hole is observed by three factors: All these three factors, mass, gravity and emission of radiations, are responsible to generate accretion. McClintock is of the opinion that this is common notion among the astronomers that accretion is one of the main originators of the universe. The accretion disks have powerful influence on galaxy. The energy, produced by the motion of accretion disc around black hole, generates stars development, builds or destroys galaxy structure, and reloads the large amount of elements which has a constructive engagement for planet construction. There is a great question, partially answered, that â€Å"what is the actual relationship between galaxy and black hole?† â€Å"Why are the black holes necessary for galaxy?† â€Å"Why do galaxies generate the black holes in it?† The astronomers have discovered that early galaxies (about 4 galaxies) were 30 times large to black holes in them. But every galaxy has black hole in center so it has been concluded that the black hole generates stars around it and then galaxy breeds (Cattaneo and Best 518–523). Practically, almost all the big galaxies congregate a BH in it. The black holes vary in size and mass. It can be in millions of cosmological masses. As the mass and quantity of black holes increase the galaxy gains a great change in it. The activities of accretion discs enable galactic nuclei to gain the heat and eject the heavy gases from it. Jeffrey E. McClintock, Ph.D., Senior Astrophysicist, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, says: â€Å"There is strong evidence that a supermassive black hole lies at the center of the Milky Way. Astronomers believe this black hole is a radio-wave source known as Sagittarius A* (SgrA*). The

Forecast of the Nature of Training 20 Years Hence Essay

Forecast of the Nature of Training 20 Years Hence - Essay Example The next step is to make augmented reality systems mobile (Macchiarella, 2005). In 1995, Gordon Moore, Chairman Emeritus of Intel predicted that computational power will double every 18-24 months. This would mean that in 20 years, computers would be able to handle data and processes at least 10 times of what it can do today. Having said that, we can let imagination run wild with the kinds of computer-based training systems that will be available 20 years from now. This author predicts that in 20 years time computing power would have multiplied ten times over, the physical size of devices would have shrunk 10 times its original size, and mobile facilities would have increased an unimaginable number. This means that limitless training can be had conveniently using a conveniently small computing device which can be carted around anywhere. Palm-sized computers equipped with electronic writing device, earpiece, internet access, and interactivity can replace conventional devices used for web-based training. Such devices can even be taken to the work area and can be used to provide a readily accessible reference "material" in case problems are encountered on the job. Macchiarella's prediction of making augmented reality training systems mobile could well be achieved in 20 years. Learning booths for various AR training would have been mass-produced and installed in convenient locations such as community centers, malls, airports or other places where p eople go to when they have spare time or where have to wait and needlessly waste time. Access cards to the training booths may be equipped with a payment facility for pay-per-use training or to logon to an organization’s training program. ... Access cards to the training booths may be equipped with a payment facility for pay-per-use training or to logon to an organization's training program. Trainer-trainee interaction may have become readily available after 20 years. In much the same way that 24/7 operations are conducted, trainers on shift would be able to interact with trainees from any part of the world who has accessed a training material over the internet. Using a mobile device with instant messaging capabilities would make this possible. According to Wexler (2008), different training technology modalities are on the rise and this is expected to continue for the next decades. These are podcasts, blogs, communities of practice, Wikis, LMS, online references, online assessment and testing, synchronous and asynchronous e-Learning, learning content management and portals. Moreover, the training profession is also forecasted to diversify and specialize in new areas such as aggregators of content who will sell access to t heir content to organizations which need them, developers of generic courses who will sell their courses on a pay-per-use basis, or developers of specific courses targeted to specific industry requirements (Heathfield, 2008). With technology advancing by leaps and bounds, the applications for training may well be limitless. If it can be imagined, it will most probably be possible. Assignment 2: Statement of Work Abstract Due to increasing diversity in the workplace, there is a need to level the field in terms of English language communication. Effective communication among community members is essential for peaceful coexistence and for solving many day-to-day problems. The constant flow of information from country to country in a globalized world has created the need to