Prevalence of Asthma and Chronic Obstructive

Question: Examine about the Prevalence of Asthma and Chronic Obstructive. Answer: Presentation Indigenous Australians keep being a regressive class with high occurrence of sick health(Katzenellenbogen, 2010). Factual examination of wellbeing among indigenous and non-indigenous people demonstrates that Aboriginal and Indigenous Australians endure more wellbeing and related sicknesses prompting high confirmation rates in medical clinics. Because of the area in remote spots of these native individuals there is a hole in the wellbeing administrations got by them and rest of the Australians. The high weight of sicknesses among Aboriginal can likewise be because of liquor, tobacco, medicate misuse, high weight, inadequate physical exercises, hypertensions, elevated levels of cholesterol, low leafy foods consumption, perilous sex, accomplice viciousness, kid sexual maltreatment cases, etc. The investigation underneath portrays the complexity between indigenous Australians and non-native Australians. Examination Dissimilarity in wellbeing among Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australians show that clinic confirmations among native Australians is 25% more contrasted with those of non-aboriginals(Bradshaw, 2010). The couple of principles against which wellbeing can be looked at is hospitalization rate, future, spending on wellbeing, wellbeing status, wellbeing elements, etc. An indigenous Australian is relied upon to be hospitalized at a 2.3 occasions more when thought about against the rate of infections. Most extreme number of patients conceded among indigenous individuals is because of renal dialysis. Future among indigenous and non-indigenous individuals is just about multi year time span. Because of the undesirable way of life and low access to wellbeing offices an indigenous Australian is relied upon to bite the dust previously and a common Australian. Australian administrative wellbeing spending on aboriginals vis- - vis conventional Australians likewise reflected unmistakable distinction. Consumption on indigenous individuals was relied upon to be 1.5 occasions higher when contrasted with use on any Australian(Kariminia, 2007). Examination of itemized wellbeing status of aboriginals versus standard Australians reflects higher commonness of type-2 diabetes, malignant growths, baby mortality, psychological well-being, oral wellbeing infections and pneumococcal ailments. High rate of sicknesses and power of different sick wellbeing mirrors that general Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander individuals experience encounters less fortunate wellbeing when contrasted with that of common Australians(Petheram, 2010). The different reasons credited to the factor is packed lodging, low instruction levels, lower joblessness, insufficiency of lodging or infrastructural offices contrasted with different Australians. End Predominant conditions impactsly affect strength of Aboriginal Australians which is again ascribed to irresistible infections, less than stellar eating routine, high corpulence levels, etc. For the most part low quality eating regimen is the explanation that raises chance variables and frequency of infections altogether. There is a related elevated level of consumption on drinks and sugar improved refreshments contrasted with products of the soil. Research likewise portrays a shifted sort of hazard factors related with native individuals. There are an entirety of 11 hazard factors that are related with weight of ailments related with them. Among sicknesses there is a significant level of preventable ailments among them that can be extemporized by methods for appropriate eating routine. Such critical elements are being exploration with the end goal that general soundness of Aboriginal and Torres waterway individuals can be ad libbed. References Bradshaw, P. J., Alfonso, H. S., Finn, J., Owen, J., Thompson, P. L. (2010). The utilization of coronary revascularisation systems in urban Australian Aboriginals and a coordinated all inclusive community: coronary methodology in Aboriginals.Heart, Lung and Circulation,19(4), 247-250. Ospina, M. B., Voaklander, D. C., Stickland, M. K., King, M., Senthilselvan, A., Rowe, B. H. (2012). Pervasiveness of asthma and incessant obstructive aspiratory ailment in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal populaces: a deliberate survey and meta-investigation of epidemiological studies.Canadian respiratory journal,19(6), 355-360. Kariminia, A., Butler, T., Levy, M. (2007). Native and non?Aboriginal wellbeing differentials in Australian prisoners.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health,31(4), 366-371. Katzenellenbogen, J. M., Sanfilippo, F. M., Hobbs, M. S., Briffa, T. G., Ridout, S. C., Knuiman, M. W., ... Thompson, S. C. (2010). Rate of and case casualty following intense myocardial dead tissue in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Western Australians (20002004): a connected information study.Heart, Lung and Circulation,19(12), 717-725.

Rock island chocolate free essay sample

This contextual analysis is charged to determine an internet based life issue which conflicted with their own organization Rock island chocolate. I am here to think of a procedure and help my organization to escape the online life issue as the executive of an organization and attempt to change over the terrible comments of internet based life to great comments. In this developing world and innovation, internet based life has gotten one of the solid wellspring of correspondence. Online networking has a decent contact with the crowd which matters the most for any association on the planet. This reality cannot be disregarded, so as the Companys Director I might want to audit the blog in detail and locate some great arrangement in brief timeframe. As we probably am aware particularly from recent years the informal organization has developed monstrously. informal community destinations, for example, face book , twitter are live models for this development. We will compose a custom paper test on Rock island chocolate or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page I might want to follow step shrewd system in which I would finish one work and afterward go for another. From the outset I might want to make a face book page with a fresh out of the box new logo and great inventive idea and afterward I would recommend all the workers to participate in it and make it a famous gathering among their known network of individuals. On the off chance that we can go through cash carefully and do great promoting for it this methodology will unquestionably turn out to be as we probably am aware the intensity of person to person communication destinations and after this procedure I might want to include all the staff individuals to effectively partake in a conversation over the blog as an obscure client and remark on it emphatically. We realize that sites would some be able to time make a major issue and here and there it can simply cease to exist if there is no fact or backing in it. The individuals do become overly energetic with the remarks and on the off chance that they feel the vast majority of the remarks are certain, at that point consequently the blog just blurs away. I have a model guess you need to purchase an item from Amazon, there are two fundamental things the buyer might want to check one is the expense and the something else is the clients survey in the event that they feel both of these are sensible, at that point they will without a doubt purchase the item. Similarly if the blog has more positive remarks than the negative ones it wont inconvenience for additional time as it will vanish. Along these lines the blog issue will be settled and the organization will get a positive reaction over a specific timeframe.

The story of an ant

The story of an ant One morning I wasted nearly an hour watching a tiny ant carry a huge feather across my back terrace. Several times it was confronted by obstacles in its path and after a momentary pause it would make the necessary detour. At one point the ant had to negotiate a crack in the concrete about 10mm wide. After brief contemplation the ant laid the feather over the crack, walked across it and picked up the feather on the other side then continued on its way.I was fascinated by the ingenuity of this ant, one of Gods smallest creatures. It served to reinforce the miracle of creation. Here was a minute insect, lacking in size yet equipped with a brain to reason, explore, discover and overcome. But this ant, like the two-legged co-residents of this planet, also shares human failings. After some time the ant finally reached its destination a flower bed at the end of the terrace and a small hole that was the entrance to its underground home. And it was here that the ant finally met its match. Ho w could that large feather possibly fit down that small hole? Of course it couldnt. So the ant, after all this trouble and exercising great ingenuity, overcoming problems all along the way, just abandoned the feather and went home.The ant had not thought the problem through before it began its epic journey and in the end the feather was nothing more than a burden. Isnt life like that! We worry about our family, we worry about money or the lack of it, we worry about work, about where we live, about all sorts of things. These are all burdens the things we pick up along lifes path and lug them around the obstacles and over the crevasses that life will bring, only to find that at the destination they are useless and we cant take them with us. Author Unknown

Essay about The Phenonmeon of Teen Mom - 1606 Words

Teen Mom II is the second incarnation of MTVs number one rated reality series 16 and Pregnant. The show documents the lives of four teenage mothers as they struggle to cope with the burden of childrearing in a financially demanding society while trying to navigate through the journey of adolescence. Once catering to a music oriented teenage consumer, MTV has reinvented itself as a teen reality television powerhouse, with many of its reality shows, including Teen Mom II, consistently dominating in the ratings. Although advertisers eagerly race to gain the attention of the much sought after 18-49 demographic, critics question the stereotypes that may be reinforced through the television program and the negative sociological effects, the†¦show more content†¦In episode seven of the series, â€Å"Switching Gears,† teen mom Kailyn, is desperate to attain some sort of independence from her baby fathers family and decides to move out on her own. When she makes her announceme nt, Jo the father of her baby, responds with cruel messages filled with vicious and horrid words by way of text message. He states, using many four-letter words, how he regrets having a child with her. The behaviors portrayed in Teen Mom II while horrendous, makes for great television. Martin Kaplan, media professor at the University of Southern California school of Communication, states â€Å"the appeal of these shows is that the producers and casting directors have figured out we have reptile brains, and that there is stuff that we can’t resist because of the species we are.† While the entertainment factor can’t be denied, the stereotypes reinforced by Teen Mom II and the effects it may have on viewers cannot be dismissed. A study done by Margaret J.Hefner and Jamie Comstak titled Compliance Gaining on Prime Time Family Programing states â€Å"individual’s stereotypes, role learning, aggression and world views can be influenced by observing life on tel evision.† Shows like Teen Mom II that are dedicated to featuring the difficulty teens face while raising aShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Phenonmeon of The Teen Mom1110 Words   |  5 PagesTeen Mom II is the second incarnation of MTVs number one rated reality mini-series 16 and Pregnant. The show documents the lives of four teenage mothers as they struggle to cope with the every day challenges, financial and emotional, a woman faces while raising her first infant child. All while trying to navigate through the journey of adolescence. Once catering primarily to the music oriented teenage consumer of the 1980s and 1990s, MTV has since reinvented itself as a reality television repository

Essay Mill on Liberty - 1913 Words

In Chapter 2, Mill turns to the issue of whether people, either through their government or on their own, should be allowed to coerce or limit anyone elses expression of opinion. Mill emphatically says that such actions are illegitimate. Even if only one person held a particular opinion, mankind would not be justified in silencing him. Silencing these opinions, Mill says, is wrong because it robs quot;the human race, posterity as well as the existing generation.quot; In particular, it robs those who disagree with these silenced opinions. Mill then turns to the reasons why humanity is hurt by silencing opinions. His first argument is that the suppressed opinion may be true. He writes that since human beings are not infallible, they†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, the truth of a belief is integral to whether it is desirable for it to be believed. Mill observes that the assumption of infallibility about a certain question implies that one not only feels very sure about a belief, but also includes the attempt to try to decide that question for other people. It is in stifling dissenting opinions in the name of social good that some of the most horrible mistakes in human history have been made. Mill writes about Socrates and Jesus Christ, two illustrious figures in history, who were put to death for blasphemy because their beliefs were radical for their times. Mill then considers whether society should be able to censor an opinion that rejects a common moral belief or the existence of God and a future state. He gives the example of Emperor Marcus Aurelius, a just and kind man who still persecuted Christianity, failing to see its value to society. Mill argues that if one is to accept the legitimacy of punishing irreligious opinions, one must also accept that if one felt, like Marcus Aurelius did, that Christianity was dangerous, o ne would also be justified in punishing Christianity. Third, Mill considers the criticism that truth may be justifiably persecuted, because persecution is something that truth should have to face, and it will always survive. Mill replies that such a sentiment is harshly unfair to those who actually are persecuted for holding true ideas. By discovering something true, these people haveShow MoreRelatedThe Mill s On Liberty Essay2249 Words   |  9 PagesPositive Liberty in Mill’s On Liberty On his well-known work, On Liberty, John Stuart Mill starts by clarifying that the subject of his essay is Civil or Social liberty: â€Å"the nature and limits of the power which can be legitimately exercised by society over the individual,† (Mill, 5). Though some would see this as evidence for Mill’s grasp of liberty as something that is primarily concerned by the absence of constraints, that is negative liberty, Mill also engages in arguments and discussions thatRead More`` On Liberty `` By John Stuart Mill1458 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Stuart Mill was an English philosopher and a progressive in British politics during the 17th century. He lived during a time of political transformation in England caused by the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution brought social mobility to the middle and lower class, along with more political participation. With this newfound freedom, the people of England felt their liberties were being diminished because they had the a bility to accomplish all the more but in some cases, couldRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Mill On Liberty1074 Words   |  5 Pagesthe conception of liberty is? Liberty had the ability to challenge ideas of the past into new ones. Mill expressed his understanding about liberty in several ways in his essay named, On Liberty. In this paper, I will strongly explain the significance of the quotation, assumptions mills argument depends upon, limitations in the right of free speech, and agreement with Mill’s points of view. Without further ado; let me activate the critical analysis of Mill’s approach regarding liberty. To commence,Read MoreThe On Liberty By John Stuart Mills2164 Words   |  9 Pages ON LIBERTY In John Stuart Mills’ profound work, On Liberty he preaches against the conformity of the nations and outwardly encourages and restlessly defends voice of the individual. The philosopher expresses the importance of individuality by warning against forces such as the government and other citizens silencing their opinion. Though Mill’s gives due recognition to virtues such as free speech, liberty and individualism he also rightly places limitations on our freedoms to ensureRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s On Liberty1700 Words   |  7 PagesStuart Mill’s â€Å"On Liberty† essay, published in 1859, portrays Mill’s perception of liberty with an emphasis on individuality. He explicitly states at the start of the essay that the main point is to â€Å"govern absolutely the dealings of society with the individual in the way of compulsion and control† (5). His push to establish the basic guidelines for the relationship between authority and liberty is a r esult of his ethical theory of utilitarianism. Throughout the course of this essay, Mill provides theRead MoreIndividualism And Liberty By John Stuart Mill1196 Words   |  5 Pages In the essay, Liberty, written by John Stuart Mill, Mill states that individualism is the theory that â€Å"[o]ver himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign† (7). Before coming to this conclusion, Mill first explains that individualism and liberty were defined in ways far different from definitions now and that true individualism did not exist until later in history. It takes him several paragraphs and even chapters to finally suggest that a man, by himself, is free to do whatRead MoreThe Value Of Liberty ; Rousseau Vs. Mill1536 Words   |  7 PagesThe Value of Liberty; Rousseau v. Mill The views and conceptions of what liberty is have continued to change over time as society changes. Freedom is defined as the right to do â€Å"act, think, and speak as one wants† without anyone or anything infringing on that right, but there exists types of freedoms or liberties. Fyodor Dostoevsky, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Stuart Mill, and Thomas Jefferson all give their conceptions of what liberty is and while all of them believe government should not have so muchRead MoreWithin On Liberty By John Stuart Mill1312 Words   |  6 PagesWithin On Liberty by John Stuart Mill, the notion of individuality and one s abilities to make choices for himself contradicts the notion of evolution within Edward O. Wilson’s Consilience. Mill’s beliefs derive from social interaction and experience in which the individual can decide for himself what is right versus what is wrong and can act upon what he believes to be the best option. Whereas, Wilson’s views coincide with the idea that individuals generate decisions based off of historically discoveredRead MoreComparing Rousseau And Mill On Liberty Essay1838 Words   |  8 Pages The term â€Å"civil or social liberties† is one that garners a lot of attention and focus from both Rousseau and Mill, although they tackle the subject from slightly different angles. Rousseau believes that the fundamental problem facing people’s capacity to leave the state of nature and enter a society in which their liberty is protected is the ability to â€Å"find a form of association that defends and protects the person and goods of each associate with all the common force, and by means of which eachRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill on Liberty and Freedom of Expression1388 Words   |  6 PagesInhibition of ones liberty, such as their liberty of conscience (i.e. freedom of speech), is unjust by Millian principles, unless the persons use of deliberation is to voice hate speech. So what is hate speech? Hate spee ch is directed towards a member of a group, or the group as a whole, that vilifies on the basis of the subjects beliefs. In comparison to discriminatory speech, hate speech does not invoke mere offense, but in most cases is traumatic, and severely impair one’s deliberative capacities

Advanced Paramedical Science Free Essays

string(58) " and vomiting are commonly encountered clinical problems\." Nausea and vomiting is a commonly encountered problem in the emergency department as it accompanies a multitude of conditions ranging from seemingly benign conditions such as migraine and gastroenteritis to potentially lethal conditions such pancreatitis and the acute abdomen. Studies from the U.S have shown that each year, almost 8 million individuals present to the emergency department with complain of nausea and vomiting, either as a principal complain or as a part of another disease etiology (Braude, Soliz, Crandall, Hendey, Andrews, Weichenthal, 2006, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Advanced Paramedical Science or any similar topic only for you Order Now 77). Nausea and vomiting are not distinct disease entities. Rather, they are symptoms which can be present in a wide range of disease conditions and are considered to be the ‘end-points’ of several pathological processes (Klosterhalfen and Enck cited in Kowalski, Rapps, Enck, 2006 p.28). The term nausea refers to the subjective feeling or the urge to regurgitate gastric contents (Kuver, Sheffield, McDonald, n.d.). From a physiological point of view, this is associated with reduced gastric motility and increased smooth muscle tone of the small intestine. Moreover, there might also be the presence of reverse peristalsis in the small intestine, which can cause the feeling of imminent regurgitation (Bowen, n.d.). On the other hand, vomiting refers to ‘the forceful discharge of gastric contents’ (Kuver, Sheffield, McDonald, n.d.) which is meant to serve the purpose of protecting the gastrointestinal tract from potentially harmful substances by preventing their entry and transit through the gastrointestinal tract (Kuver, Sheffield, McDonald, n.d.). Vomiting, if persistent can have several potentially hazardous consequences such as dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, metabolic derangements, manifesting as alkalosis and even bleeding and esophageal perforation (Kuver, Sheffield, McDonald, n.d.). Moreover, from the patient’s perspective, nausea and vomiting can be distressful and thus appropriate and timely management of these two conditions is imperative. The Physiology of Nausea and Vomiting – an overview of the stimuli and pathway involved For several decades now, it has been established that the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brain which is responsible for emesis is the area posterema. This is a region located at the dorsal surface of the medulla oblongata near the caudal end of the fourth ventricle. It is one of the ‘circumventricular organs’ and by the virtue of possessing a relatively permeable blood-brain barrier, is sensitive to a variety of stimuli (Sanger Andrews, 2006, p. 5). Thus, it plays an important role in emesis. Studies have shown that there are five main kinds of stimuli which can trigger nausea and vomiting via different pathways viz. the presence of toxic materials within the gut lumen, presence of toxins in the blood, a pathology within the gut, a central nervous system (CNS) stimulus or disturbances in the vestibular system (Sanger Andrews, 2006, p. 5). The mechanism whereby each of these stimuli brings about nausea and vomiting is discussed below. The presence of toxic materials within the gut lumen: The presence of toxins, such as drugs has been shown to stimulate the enteroendocrine cells, such as the enterochromaffin cells, located in the gut mucosa and result in the release of several mediators such as 5HT3, Substance P and CCK. This results in the stimulation of vagal afferent neurons which are located in the abdomen. These neurons traverse through the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and are projected to the dorsal brainstem, with some projection in to the area posterema (Sanger Andrews, 2006, p. 5). Presence of toxins in the blood Toxins which have been absorbed and are circulating in the bloodstream can directly stimulate the area posterema and cause induction of emesis (Sanger Andrews, 2006, p. 5). This is the most common mechanism whereby ingested or parenterally administered drugs, such as chemotherapeutic agents and other toxins such as drugs of abuse, invoke the emetic response. Gastrointestinal tract pathologies Certain pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract, such as gastritis or hypertrophic pyloric stenosis can stimulate the vagal afferents or directly activate the pathways leading to emesis (Sanger Andrews, 2006, p. 6). Central nervous system (CNS) stimuli Certain stimuli such as intense fear, anticipatory anxiety, injury to the brain or a sudden increase in the intracranial pressure can induce emesis (Sanger Andrews, 2006, p. 6). The mechanism involved in such a response has not yet been elucidated clearly. Disturbances in the vestibular system Amongst other manifestations of disturbances in the vestibular system, such as dizziness, nausea and vomiting is also an important symptom. The vestibular system has been shown to directly stimulate the pathways involved in the emetic response and hence produce nausea and vomiting (Sanger Andrews, 2006, p. 6). All these stimuli have been shown to stimulate various pathways which have one common outcome viz. the stimulation of the emetic center in the area posterema. (Kuver, Sheffield, McDonald, n.d.). Several receptors, both central and peripheral, have been implicated in bringing about emesis. Amongst these the most pertinent ones are Dopaminergic receptors (particularly D2), Histaminergic receptors (especially H1), Muscuranic receptors (including M3/M5), 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors, in particular, 5-HT3 and the neurokinnin receptor, NK1 (Sanger Andrews, 2006, p. 8) Once any of the above mentioned stimuli are encountered, an afferent response as discussed above is generated. This results in the activation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the area posterema. Subsequently, a motor response is generated, whereby efferent pathways involving the cranial nerves V, VII, IX and X are activated. Moreover, autonomic responses are also generated (Kuver, Sheffield, McDonald, n.d.). The vagal efferents to various muscle groups such as those located in the esophagus, stomach and the intestine are activated bringing about stimulation of these muscles (Sanger Andrews, 2006, p. 6). Moreover, abdominal muscles, phrenic muscles and the diaphragm are also stimulated to bring about the required increase in the intra-abdominal pressure. The combination of both these effects leads to the regurgitation of the gastric contents. Moreover, this is also accompanied by various other manifestations such as an increase in salivation, brought about by the stimulation of the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve, autonomic stimulation of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and vasoconstriction of skin vessels (Sanger Andrews, 2006, p. 6). Antiemetic drugs used in pre-hospital care Nausea and vomiting are commonly encountered clinical problems. You read "Advanced Paramedical Science" in category "Papers" Over the years, several anti-emetic medications have been discovered to effectively alleviate the symptoms of nausea and vomiting. These drugs work by blocking the pathways involved in the initiation and production of emesis. Various drugs have been developed which block the different receptors, both central and peripheral, involved in producing emesis. The anti-emetic medications which are used in common clinical practice can be grouped in to seven major categories according to their mode of action. These include anti-cholinergics, antiserotonins, antihistamines, Benzamides, Butyrophenones, Phenothiazines and steroids (Scuderi, 2003, p. 43). The mechanism of action and the dosages of the four main anti-emetics used in Ambulance Services in Australia are discussed below: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Metoclopramide (Maxolon): Metoclopramide has been used in clinical practice for several decades now as an antiemetic and a prokinetic agent (Walkembach, Bruss, Urban, Barann, 2005, p. 50). These antiemetic functions are thought to be brought about by the antagonistic actions of Metoclopramide on the dopamine (D2) receptors, both central and peripheral, and also on the 5HT3 receptors (Walkembach, Bruss, Urban, Barann, 2005, p. 50). On the other hand, the prokinetic action of Metoclopramide are brought about by the relaxation of the pyloric sphincter, the increase in the strength and frequency of peristalsis and an increase in the tone of the lower esophageal sphincter (Australasia, 2008). This drug is available in both tablet (white, round, 7mm in diameter) and injection (colorless, aqueous solution) forms (Australasia, 2008). The maximum dose of Metoclopramide commonly used in all age groups is up to 0.5 mg/kg body weight. The recommended dosage regimen for adults is 10mg three times daily while for children it varies between 2.5mg-5mg   three times daily (Australasia, 2008). The metabolism of Metoclopramide takes place in the liver and it is eliminated from the body predominantly via the kidney. (Australasia, 2008) 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prochlorperazine (Stemetil) Prochlorperazine is a phenothiazine which has been shown to block the dopamine receptors (D2) in the chemoreceptor trigger zone located near the area posterema. By blockage of these receptors, Prochlorperazine exerts its antiemetic actions. The recommended dosage of Prochlorperazine in is 10 mg intravenously (Goodman and Gilman’s: The Pharmacologic Basis of Therapeutic cited in Ernst, Weiss, Park, Takakuwa, Diercks, 2000, p. 92). In emergency practice, IV administration of 2.5-10 mg of Prochlorperazine at a rate of up to 5mg/min is recommended for adults. The maximum dose should not exceed 40mg per day. Moreover, IM injections of this drug are also available. They are administered at a dose of 5-10 mg every 3-4 hours (Bartlett, 2009, p. 861). 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ondansetron (Zofran) Ondansetron is a carbazole derivative and is a potent antiemetic drug which is widely used in alleviating the symptoms of nausea and vomiting associated with chemo- and radio- therapies and also in the management of post-operative nausea and vomiting (Scuderi, 2003, p. 59). Its proposed mechanism of action is via selective antagonism at the level of the 5 HT3 receptors (Scuderi, 2003, p. 59). Chemotherapeutic agents are thought to bring about nausea and vomiting via the stimulation of enterochromaffin cells in the gut mucosa leading to 5HT3 production and subsequent vagal stimulation. This pathway is blocked by 5HT3 antagonists such as Ondansetron. Ondansetron has been shown to have a short half life of approximately 3 to 5 h (Ho Gan, 2006, p. 607). The recommended dosage of Ondansetron varies between 8-16 mg twice daily (Bartlett, 2009). 4. Promethazine (Phenergan) Promethazine is also a phenothiazine but is shown to have dual modes of action. It not only blocks the dopamine receptors (D2) but has also been shown to have anti-H1 histamine receptor effects. It is used for a wide range of purposes including in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo and even allergies (Bartlett, 2009, p. 869). The recommended oral dose of Promethazine is 25 mg twice daily. It can also be administered intravenously at a dose of 12.5-25 mg every four hours. The maximum dose is 150 mg/day (Bartlett, 2009, p. 869). PART II There are several clinical conditions which can present with the symptoms of nausea and vomiting. Amongst these the most common condition is gastroenteritis, migraines and pancreatic amongst others. The adequate and timely management of patients with nausea and vomiting has posed a challenge for the clinicians for several decades and although several effective anti-emetics have been discovered, there has been a quest for a single anti-emetic which is efficient, fast acting and relatively safe. In the practice of ambulance services and emergency situations, different anti-emetics are commonly used including Metoclopramide, Chlorpromazine, Ondansetron and Promethazine. Amongst these, in my opinion, the most suitable drug for use in the ambulance service and emergency departments is Metoclopramide. This is because on comparing the onset of action, clinical efficacy and side effect profiles of the most common anti-emetic agents, it is apparent that Prochlorperazine is superior to all other agents used. Moreover, its cost, availability and easy administration make it suitable for use in the emergency practice. Following is a comparison of the four most commonly used anti-emetic drugs. A common concern with the use of any drug is its safety and side effect profile. Safety becomes more important while dealing with patients in the emergency or ambulance care since limited resources, time and personnel are available in such settings, and the prime concern is the stabilization of the patient and alleviation of his symptoms. Drugs which have potentially unsafe need to be administered with caution and the patients need to be monitored for the occurrence of adverse effects. This is not feasible in emergency and ambulance practice and thus the ideal drugs for use in such settings are those which have no or minimal side effects. With Metoclopramide, there is a 10-20% incidence of side effects and these side effects are mild. The most common side effects observed with this drug are CNS effects such as anxiety, restlessness and insomnia which can vary in severity (Australasia, 2008). Moreover, it has also been shown to cause fatigue and occasionally can cause extrapyramidal side effects. Another relatively common side effect of Metoclopramide is gynecomastia which occurs as a result of enhanced prolactin secretion (Kuver, Sheffield, McDonald, n.d.). A rare complication associated with the use of Metoclopramide is Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome which is a medical emergency and can lead to death. However, it is observed in only less than 1 in 10,000 cases (Australasia, 2008) . On the other hand, the phenothiazines including Prochlorperazine and Promethazine have been shown to have a greater number of side effects. Amongst these the ones which arouse the most concern are extrapyramidal symptoms. Extrapyramidal symptoms can range from tremor to akathisia and the potentially hazardous tardive dyskinesias (Australia, 2009). Moreover, they can also manifest as dystonic reactions are similar to the manifestations of Parkinson’s disease. Less commonly, Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome, which is a medical emergency, can also result from the use of these drugs. These effects are thought to be caused due to the central antidopaminergic properties of the phenothiazines on the dopamine receptors. The occurrence of these symptoms is noticed most commonly within 36 hours of initiation of treatment. However, these symptoms are reversible and once the drug is discontinued, they disappear within 24 hrs (Australasia, 2008). It is important to note that with Metoclopramide, the occurrence of extrapyramidal side effects is not very common. On the other hand, the phenothiozones such as Prochlorperazine and Promethazine have a much greater incidence of these side effects. Drotts and Vinson (1999) in their study showed that with the use of Prochlorperazine, incidence of akathisia was 44% within 1 hour and 5% within 48 hours. (Braude, Soliz, Crandall, Hendey, Andrews, Weichenthal, 2006, p. 181). Other studies, such as those of Ernst et. al., have supported these findings. These extrapyramidal symptoms, if severe, have to be treated with intravenous infusions of an anti-cholinergic agent such as diphenhydramine (Ernst, Weiss, Park, Takakuwa, Diercks, 2000, p. 92). Other common side effects of phenothiazines include constipation, blurred vision, mild elevation of the hepatic enzymes (if the patient develops cholestatic jaundice), ECG changes, arrhythmias and hypotension (Australia, 2009). Hypotension in patients who are already dehydrated due to vomiting can lead to significant patient distress and is also important from the point of view of health care professionals, as it poses difficulties in patient management in emergency and ambulance settings. Moreover, most phenothiazines, in particular Promethazine are known to cause sedation due to histamine blockade. Promethazine has also been shown to reduce the seizure threshold. Due to the multitude of serious adverse effects of Promethazine the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has restricted its use in children under two years of age (DeCamp, Byerley, Doshi, Steiner, 2008, p. 859). As compared to Metoclopramide, Ondansetron has relatively lesser side effects. The most commonly encountered adverse effects of this agent include headaches, constipation and mild elevation of serum transaminases (Kuver, Sheffield, McDonald, n.d.). But this drug is not preferred over other anti-emetic agents due to its cost and availability issues (Ernst, Weiss, Park, Takakuwa, Diercks, 2000, p. 92). Moreover, it is used more commonly to prevent post-operative nausea and vomiting and in patients receiving chemotherapy and its role in acute settings has not been extensively studied. Pregnancy is one of the most common conditions which present with nausea and vomiting.   Amongst the commonly available anti-emetics only a few are safe to use in pregnancy. Studies have shown Metoclopramide to be safe for use during pregnancy and this drug has not been shown to cause any long term complications in children of mothers using it during pregnancy (Sà ¸rensen, Nielsen, Christensen, Tage-jensen, Ekbom, Baron, 2000). Similarly the safety of Ondansetron has also been proven by several studies conducted recently (Einarson, Maltepe, Navioz, Kennedy, Kennedy, Koren, 2004, p. 940). However, both Promethazine and Prochlorperazine belong to Category C and thus   have limited use in pregnancy (Australia, 2009). Another advantage of Metoclopramide is its ability to provide faster relief from the symptoms of nausea and vomiting. Metoclopramide has been shown to have a rapid onset of action. Following IV administration, its effects start manifesting in around 1 to 3 minutes, whereas following intramuscular administration, 10 to 15 minutes is required (Australasia, 2008). This rapid action makes it suitable for use in emergency practice, Although there is a paucity of studies comparing the cost effectiveness of Metoclopramide with other antiemetics, studies comparing the cost-effectives in patients undergoing chemotherapy have shown that Metoclopramide to be more cost effective than Ondansetron (Ballatori, et al., 1994). Thus, in conclusion, keeping the side effect profiles, the availability and cost effectiveness of all the anti-emetics in view, in my point of view Metoclopramide is best suited for use in ambulatory settings. Metoclopramide has several benefits over other anti-emetics. It has a fast onset of action which makes its practical for use in emergency settings. Moreover, it has lesser and milder adverse effects as compared to other anti-emetics. In addition, it can be used in all age groups and is safe in pregnancy. Thus, all these properties make Metoclopramide ideal for use in ambulatory care settings. References Australasia, V. P. (2008, October 22). Metoclopramide hydrochloride-Data sheet. Retrieved May 1, 2009, from Medsafe-INFORMATION FOR HEALTH PROFESSIONALS: http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/Profs/datasheet/m/Maxolontabsyrinjsupp.htm Australia, S.-A. (2009). Sanofi-Aventis Australia. Retrieved May 1, 2009, from Product Information: http://www.sanofi-aventis.com.au/products/aus_pi_phenergan.pdf Ballatori, E., Roila, F., Berto, P., De Angelis, V., Neri, C., Olivieri, A., et al. (1994). Cost and cost-effectiveness analysis of ondansetron versus metoclopramide regimens: a hospital perspective from Italy. Pharmacoeconomics , 227-37. Bartlett, J. . (2009). 2009 Nurse’s Drug Handbook . Jones Bartlett . Bowen, R. (n.d.). Physiology of Vomiting. Retrieved May 1, 2009, from The Stomach: http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/stomach/vomiting.html Braude, D., Soliz, T., Crandall, C., Hendey, G., Andrews, J., Weichenthal, L. (2006). Antiemetics in the ED: a randomized controlled trial comparing 3 common agents. American Journal of Emergency Medicine , 177–182. DeCamp, L. R., Byerley, J. S., Doshi, N., Steiner, M. J. (2008). Use of Antiemetic Agents in Acute Gastroenteritis:A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Archives of pediatric and adolescnet medicine , 858-865. Drotts, D. L., Vinson, D. R. (1999). Prochlorperazine Induces Akathisia in Emergency Patients. Annals of Emergency Medicine . Einarson, A., Maltepe, C., Navioz, Y., Kennedy, D., Kennedy, D., Koren, G. (2004). The safety of ondansetron for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy:a prospective comparative study. BJOG: an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , 940–943. Ernst, A. A., Weiss, S. J., Park, S., Takakuwa, K. M., Diercks, D. B. (2000). Prochlorperazine Versus Promethazine for Uncomplicated Nausea and Vomiting in the Emergency Department: A Randomized,Double-Blind Clinical Trial. Annals ofEmergency Medicine , 89-94. Ho, K.-Y., Gan, T. J. (2006). Pharmacology, pharmacogenetics, and clinical efficacy of 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptor antagonists for postoperative nausea and vomiting. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology , 606–611. How to cite Advanced Paramedical Science, Papers

Public Health free essay sample

Well being in terms of health status is one of the basic needs of humans. The well being ad health of citizens is a clause that is embedded in the constitution and the state and federal governments are charge with that responsibility. It is crucial to comprehend the functions of the public health which have been assigned to the grassroots public health departments. Assessment Assessment in public health entails collecting of data, analyzing it and finally disseminating the health information. Assessment is instrumental in pinpointing the environmental, physical and mental issues concerning health. Information is gathered during assessment. One of the agencies charged with the responsibility of conducting assessment includes Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Assessment is done to ensure that health practices are proper in the hospitals country wide. There are various practices and processes which are expected in the assessments exercises. Some of the information collected during assessment includes the health well being of various societies in the country. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Health or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Therefore, various health problems, their causes and probable measures data are collected. There is also investigation of the health problems and dangers which the community is exposed and the diagnosis measures. Other miscellaneous parts of the assessment include investigation of the prevailing environmental conditions and the waste handling and management. Sanitation is also taken into consideration the assessment is subjective when it comes to health parameters ‘health. After the information is gathered, it is used to address the societies’ needs as far as public health is concerned. Numerous indicators of health are analyzed. Prevalence of common sicknesses and control measures are also established (Chin, 2000). Policies There are policies which have necessitated the availability of surveillance systems to address any form of danger to public with urgency and speed. Policies and laws in the pubic heath are important. Preventive and monitoring measures have been put in for both communicable and non communicable diseases. Health promotions are conducted to ensure that public environment is conserved by ensuring the wastes products are disposed in a manner that will not affect the public health. Goals of various different health centers have been realized effectively due to public regulations. Therefore, policies are formulated in order to oversee the realization of goals and objectives of public health. For provision of better services to general public, laws and regulations should be formulated in order to address the major issues of concern the public health sector (Eastman, 2000). Assurance Numerous health promotions are conducted for better public health. Some of these promotions include medical checkups which are free of charge and monitoring of citizens to maintain and ensure stability of their health. Quality is securitized through constant monitoring of the health facilities in the country to ensure that health service are rendered in a professional and competent manner. Drugs and health equipments are tested to ensure that they do not pose health hazards to the patients. Ways have been devised to investigate the probable hazard such as physical and mental hazards. Some of these ways includes the technical epidemiology. Health care plan has achieved its objectives by offering education to the public and giving them proper methods on how to acquire proper heath care by improving their living standards (Gostin, 2000). Conclusion Assessment in public health entails collecting of data, analyzing it and finally disseminating the health information.

13 Questions You Should Be Asking about Updating Your References

13 Questions You Should Be Asking about Updating Your References National Update Your References Week It seems there are international and/or national weeks for just about everything, and the first week in May was, as proclaimed by Career Directors International, International Update Your References Week (UYRW). Why such a thing? CDI says UYRW â€Å"was created due to the importance of job seekers [sic] learning to maintain a network of warm contacts and references, in order to assist them in career change, employment, and growth.† CDI’s director, Laura DeCarlo, asserts that â€Å"up to 45% of employers check references, so it is necessary to be prepared to be asked for them.† Are You a Skeptic about National Anything Weeks? Even as a resume writer, my initial response to learning about International Update Your References Week was, â€Å"You’ve gotta be kidding. How much could there possibly be to do or say about references?† But then I thought about all the people reading my blog who might not have their references updated. I did a double-take for myself too: If I were to apply for employment somewhere, would my references be at my fingertips at the moment I needed them? I Need to Update My References The answer to that second question was †¦ well †¦ â€Å"mostly yes.† I’m connected with the majority of my past supervisors on LinkedIn, and recently had a nice chat with one of them just to catch up. When I travel to New York, I make an effort to visit my old stomping grounds in Brooklyn to stay in contact with the folks at CAMBA Legal Services. So why do I say â€Å"mostly†? Well, I have, embarrassingly enough, forgotten the name of my most recent supervisor at the University Of Wisconsin Law School’s Career Services Office. Prior to posting this article, I wrote to the man who was assistant director during my tenure- someone I have stayed connected with through networking- and asked for his assistance in identifying her. Oops. From my own erroneous ways in the references department, I can confidently say that while updating your references is something that’s best done on an ongoing basis (just like being nice to your mother on days other than Mother’s Day, or showing love to your partner on days other than Valentine’s Day), it doesn’t hurt to give some extra attention to this project once a year. 13 Questions and Answers About Updating Your References Since Update Your References Week proved useful to me, I imagine it will be a wake-up call for some of you too! To that end, here are some questions you might have about updating your references, which are answered on the UYRW information page: Why do I need to provide references for an employer? Who makes a good reference? How many references do I need? What types of information do I list? Should I list references directly on my resume? Should I list â€Å"References Available Upon Request† on resume? What if I was fired from my last job? Do I need to list that employer as a reference? When do I send references? What if I can’t find all of my previous supervisors? Do I need to ask permission to use someone as a reference? Someone once suggested that I send a copy of my resume to all my references. Why should I do that? What if I don’t have any prior experience? CDI has thoroughly answered all those questions and I recommend you read the answers. You might be surprised by some of them! Another question came up recently for me: â€Å"Can I quote my references on my resume without asking for their specific permission to do so?† My answer to that is, â€Å"It depends.† If your reference has publicized their testimonial on LinkedIn, then their recommendation is fair game. If they have not, then best practice is to request their permission before putting their name on your resume, especially if a quote is attributed to them. This doesn’t mean you can’t use their rave review from an evaluation or other source- but get their permission first, or, as an alternative, use their title only, without their name attached to it. Keeping It Personal Also missing from CDI’s list is a recommendation that I would like to make: Stay in contact with your references! Are you aware of your former boss’s career transitions? Family milestones? Remember, people will be most willing and enthusiastic about providing recommendations for you if you exhibit interest in them for more than their reference status. Staying in touch with your references will be particularly useful if they are prohibited by company policy from providing a recommendation, but can find a way around the rules- or if they move to another company, allowing them to provide a reference for the prior one. Do you have other questions about references? I will be happy to answer them even though Update Your Reference Week is over! I’d also love to hear how you would rate yourself on your communications with your references. Is it time to reach out to someone or find out what’s happening with their career or life? There’s no time like a national UYRW to do it!

Biography of Andrew Carnegie, Steel Magnate

Biography of Andrew Carnegie, Steel Magnate Andrew Carnegie (November 25, 1835–August 11, 1919) was a steel magnate, leading industrialist, and philanthropist. With a keen focus on cost-cutting and organization, Carnegie was often regarded as a ruthless robber baron, though he eventually withdrew from business to devote himself to donating money to various philanthropic causes. Fast Facts: Andrew Carnegie Known For:  Carnegie was a preeminent steel magnate and a major philanthropist.Born:  November 25, 1835 in Drumferline, ScotlandParents:  Margaret Morrison Carnegie and William CarnegieDied:  August 11, 1919 in Lenox, MassachusettsEducation: Free School in Dunfermline, night school, and self-taught through Colonel James Andersons libraryPublished Works:  An American Four-in-hand in Britain, Triumphant Democracy, The Gospel of Wealth, The Empire of Business, Autobiography of Andrew CarnegieAwards and Honors:  Honorary Doctor of Laws, University of Glasgow, honorary doctorate, University of Groningen, the Netherlands. The following are all named for Andrew Carnegie: the dinosaur Diplodocus carnegii, the cactus Carnegiea gigantea, the Carnegie Medal children’s literature award, Carnegie Hall in New York City, Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh.Spouse(s): Louise WhitfieldChildren: MargaretNotable Quote: â€Å"A library outranks any other one thing a community ca n do to benefit its people. It is a never failing spring in the desert.† Early Life Andrew Carnegie was born at Drumferline, Scotland on November 25, 1835. When Andrew was 13, his family emigrated to America and settled near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. His father had worked as a linen weaver in Scotland and pursued that work in America after first taking a job in a textile factory. Young Andrew worked in the textile factory, replacing bobbins. He then took a job as a telegraph messenger at the age of 14, and within a few years was working as a telegraph operator. He educated himself through his voracious reading, benefitting from the generosity of a local retired merchant, Colonel James Anderson, who opened his small library to working boys. Ambitious at work, Carnegie was promoted to be an assistant to an executive with the Pennsylvania Railroad by the age of 18. During the Civil War, Carnegie, working for the railroad, helped the federal government set up a military telegraph system, which became vital to the war effort. For the duration of the war, he worked for the railroad. Early  Business Success While working in the telegraph business, Carnegie began investing in other businesses. He invested in several small iron companies, a company that made bridges, and a manufacturer of railroad sleeping cars. Taking advantage of oil discoveries in Pennsylvania, Carnegie also invested in a small petroleum company. By the end of the war, Carnegie was prosperous from his investments and began to harbor greater business ambitions. Between 1865 and 1870, he took advantage of the increase in international business following the war. He traveled frequently to England, selling the bonds of American railroads and other businesses. It has been estimated that he became a millionaire from his commissions selling bonds. While in England, he followed the progress of the British steel industry. He learned everything he could about the new Bessemer process, and with that knowledge, he became determined to focus on the steel industry in America. Carnegie had absolute confidence that steel was the product of the future. And his timing was perfect. As America industrialized, putting up factories, new buildings, and bridges, he was perfectly situated to produce and sell the steel the country needed. Carnegie the Steel Magnate In 1870, Carnegie established himself in the steel business. Using his own money, he built a blast furnace. He created a company in 1873 to make steel rails using the Bessemer process. Though the country was in an economic depression for much of the 1870s, Carnegie prospered. A very tough businessman, Carnegie undercut competitors and was able to expand his business to the point where he could dictate prices. He kept reinvesting in his own company, and though he took in minor partners, he never sold stock to the public. He could control every facet of the business, and he did it with a fanatical eye for detail. In the 1880s, Carnegie bought out Henry Clay Frick’s company, which owned coal fields as well as a large steel mill in Homestead, Pennsylvania. Frick and Carnegie became partners. As Carnegie began to spend half of every year at an estate in Scotland, Frick stayed in Pittsburgh, running the day-to-day operations of the company. The Homestead Strike Carnegie began to face a number of problems by the 1890s. Government regulation, which had never been an issue, was being taken more seriously as  reformers actively tried to curtail the excesses of businessmen known as robber barons. The union which represented workers at the Homestead Mill went on strike in 1892. On July 6, 1892, while Carnegie was in Scotland, Pinkerton guards on barges attempted to take over the steel mill at Homestead. The striking workers were prepared for the attack by the Pinkertons, and a bloody confrontation resulted in the death of strikers and Pinkertons. Eventually, an armed militia had to take over the plant. Carnegie was informed by transatlantic cable  of the events in Homestead. But he  made no statement and did not get involved. He would later be criticized for his silence, and he later expressed regrets for his inaction. His opinions on unions, however, never changed. He fought against organized labor and was able to keep unions out of his plants during his lifetime. As the 1890s continued, Carnegie faced competition in business, and he found himself being squeezed by tactics similar to those he had employed years earlier. In 1901, tired of business battles, Carnegie sold his interests in the steel industry to J.P. Morgan, who formed the United States Steel Corporation. Carnegie began to devote himself entirely to giving away his wealth. Carnegie’s Philanthropy Carnegie had already been giving money to create museums, such as the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh. But his philanthropy accelerated after selling Carnegie Steel. Carnegie supported numerous causes, including scientific research, educational institutions, museums, and world peace. He is best known for funding more than 2,500 libraries throughout the English-speaking world, and, perhaps, for building Carnegie Hall, a performance hall that has become a beloved New York City landmark. Death Carnegie died of bronchial pneumonia at his summer home in Lenox, Massachusetts on August 11, 1919. At the time of his death, he had already given away over a large portion of his wealth, more than $350 million. Legacy While Carnegie was not known to be openly hostile to the rights of workers for much of his career, his silence during the notorious and bloody Homestead Steel Strike cast him in a very bad light in labor history. Carnegies philanthropy left a huge mark on the world, including the endowment of many educational institutions and the funding of research and world peace efforts. The library system he helped form is a foundation of American education and democracy. Sources â€Å"Andrew Carnegies Story.†Ã‚  Carnegie Corporation of New York.Carnegie, Andrew. Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie. PublicAffairs, 1919.Carnegie, Andrew. The Gospel of Wealth and Other Timely Essays. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1962.Nasaw, David. Andrew Carnegie. Penguin Group, 2006.

Individual case study analysis(Ireland's Tiger Economy) Essay

Individual case study analysis(Ireland's Tiger Economy) - Essay Example A stiff prohibition on foreign ownership of firms and high tariff barriers from the 1930s to the late 1950s hindered Ireland’s economic growth (Barry,1995). By the 1950s, it was evident that policies, which aimed at giving local investors the priority was not beneficial at all (Barry,1995). This was because infant industries had not matured and were not sufficiently competitive to generate sizable exports. As a result, Irish policy makers changed tact. The â€Å"control of manufacturers’ act†, which gave local investors priority, was abolished. Policy makers engineered the development of the foreign direct investment. The first step was to introduce zero corporate profits tax on manufactured exports. Secondly, policy makers initiated attractive investment grants to foreign investors. Thirdly, policy makers abolished tariff barriers. The Irish economy in the past three decades is strongly linked to FDI. The investment platform has significantly changed. Currently, foreigners who own export-oriented firms, additionally, own almost sixty percent of gross output and forty-five percent of employment in manufacturing. U.S. investors are the majority of foreign investors operating firms in Ireland followed by UK and Germany (Barrell, 1996). Amazingly, a majority of foreign manufacturing firms in Ireland imports their raw and semi processed materials. This is because FDI has abolished barriers, which hinder investment making the cost of investment extremely affordable. Current data indicates that companies, which are owned by the locals, export only 35 percent of output (Barry, 1996). On the other hand, foreign owned manufacturing companies exports a whopping 86 percent of the output (Barry, 1996). This indicates that Ireland’s economy cannot strive without the investment from foreign firms. The success of Ireland’s economy is also because of a solid political economy. Furthermore, the political, economic and legal systems of any give n country take a huge role in determining the economic well being of that particular country. Ireland’s political economy and legal systems offer a perfect environment to foreign investors. Although, seen as the most successful economy in Europe and the world at large, Ireland’s economy was greatly affected by the global financial crisis. Between 2002 and 2007, the economic prowess that Ireland enjoyed changed in fundamental ways. At that moment, the economy continued to grow steadily owing to the rapid expansion of credit cards and an increase in personal indebtedness by the Irish natives. Rising property prices were seen as one of the igniters of this situation. Between 2002 and 2007, construction activities grew rapidly, accounting for the economic boost and rise in employment (ESRI, 1997). Amazingly, the rampant growth in the construction industry was supported by huge bank lending. At that moment, the balance sheets of many Irish banks expanded relative to the siz e of the economy. Reports indicate that a majority of the banks relied, on their deposit base, to fund loans. Unfortunately, greater financial integration, which was initiated partly by the introduction of the euro, forced local banks to source funds from abroad. In addition, the same period realized an increate appetite in financial markets, which caught Irish banks with surprise. A concentration in risky lending practices and lending in property

City Of London Investment Group PLC Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

City Of London Investment Group PLC - Coursework Example The main strategies adopted by the company are natural resource strategy, EM-Closed end funds strategy developed closed and strategy, human resource strategy, and frontier market funds strategy.Natural resources strategy is an important strategy of the organization. This strategy is geared toward attaining a long term capital growth by investing in corporations that get a large proportion of the profits from exploring, producing and offering services and technologies that are related to natural resources. The process of investment is fully integrated including bottom up, top down and thematic approaches. The process that involves the allocation of assets evaluates sector –specific, political and economic factors by using several sources of information including the company’s economists. Basing on on the satellite and core approach, the selection of stock is carried out through rigorous fundamental analysis whose horizon of return time is 12 to 18 months. Thematic analys is facilitates both stock selection and asset allocation elements of the process and assists the manager to exploit the wide range of opportunities in the natural resources sector while simultaneously realizing a diverse portfolio.The Emerging market closed- End funds strategy strives to offer a long term growth of capital through active country allocation and stock selection. The company believes that the closed-end fund provides an effective modality of investing in the emerging markets.

Signs of Stress :: essays research papers

"Forty-three percent of all adults suffer adverse health effects from stress; 75 to 90 percent of all physician office visits are for stress-related ailments and complaints; stress is linked to the six leading causes of death--heart disease, cancer, lung ailments, accidents, cirrhosis of the liver, and suicide." (Miller, 1993, p.12) "Stress plays havoc with our health, our productivity, our pocketbooks, and our lives, but it is necessary, even desirable." (Oxford, 1998, p.29) In researching stress, one would learn about what stress is, the early warning signs of stress, the different types of stress, and how to build resistance to it. Stress is a combination of physical, mental, and emotional feelings that result from pressure, worry, and anxiety. These pressures are called stressors. Some examples of common stressors are; divorce, death in the family, job change, pregnancy, a large mortgage, marriage, and retirement. "In medicine, stress is, a physical, chemical, or emotional development that causes strains that can lead to physical illness." (Microsoft Encarta) The early warning signs of stress include apathy, anxiety, irritability, mental fatigue, and overcompensation or denial. Some signs of apathy are feelings of sadness or recreation that isn’t fun any more. Feelings of restlessness, agitation, insecurity and a sense of worthlessness are examples of anxiety. Signs of irritability are feeling hypersensitive, defensive, and arrogant. Feeling argumentative, rebellious, or angry are also signs of irritability. Examples of mental fatigue are feeling preoccupied, having difficulty concentrating, and trouble thinking flexibly. Working too hard, denying that there are problems, ignoring symptoms, and feeling suspicious are all signs of overcompensation or denial. Some behavioral signs of stress are avoiding things, doing things to extremes, administrative problems, and legal problems. Avoiding things includes keeping to one’s self, avoiding work, having trouble accepting responsibility, and neglecting responsibility. Examples of doing things to extremes are alcoholism, gambling, spending sprees, and sexual promiscuity. Some administrative problems are being late to work, poor appearance, poor personal hygiene, and being accident prone. Possible legal problems are indebtedness, shoplifting, traffic tickets, and an inability to control violent impulses. Some physical signs of stress include excessive worrying about illness, frequent illness, and physical exhaustion. Reliance on medication including remedies like aspirin is a physical sign of stress. Ailments such as insomnia, appetite changes, and weight gain or loss are also physical signs of stress. Indigestion, nausea, and nervous diarrhea, are also physical signs, as well as, constipation, and sexual problems. Stress can be confusing. There are some myths surrounding stress. Here are a few of them. One myth is that stress is the same for everybody. This is not true. What is stressful for one person, may or may not be stressful for another; each person responds to stress in a different way.

Effect of Drum Pad Machines on Today’s Musicians and their Performances Essay

The chief use of drums and percussion keeps a song’s rhythm intact. Under a layering series of melodies and additional harmonies, the direction in varying yet calculated overall tempo of a song is maneuvered through as the percussionist’s prerogative changes. The natural pulse of the song is kept by the musical intelligence quotient through the musician’s ear. But with the ever-enduring evolution of technology in music and vice-versa, electronic percussion equipment and devices have boomed through different artists’ musical expression and have impacted diverse evolution among genres, especially and significantly on live performances. It seems like the powerful beats and thumps of a traditionally played drum kit have indeed found a rival in loops and grooves of electronic percussion. It can be argued that, with the introduction of this, specifically with drum pads, machines, and software, it has an effect on live music which somewhat eliminates a key human contributory component integral in percussions to song and performance. Effects of Drum Pad Machines on Today’s Musicians and their performances In every live musical performance, the percussion element of the music being delivered by a musician or group of musicians fundamentally serves as the pulse and momentum for a song, and the song changes as the performance develops. Moreover, it considerably serves as the main musical queue as the pace of the song slowly builds up for an array of artistically audible outbursts or surprisingly dies down for a more instant tone-tempo change effect as required in a performance—adding sense of presentation and colorful musical tones within. In this generation’s music scene, the rise of drum pad machines have ushered in electronic loops and grooves for musicians’ convenience in song composition, song rehearsals and more importantly, even upon live performances. Definition of a Drum, Drum Kit, and Drum Pad Machine The most common image of a drum or any form of drums of which many hold could be believed to be anything that is round, and as a series of striking motion hits are applied to, sound is produced. Though this is somewhat true from what truly a drum is, it is not completely accurate. As explained by Drumdojo. com (2008): A drum is any cylindrical object (shell) or object with an open top that has a membrane normally called a head or skin stretched across it, this is known as a membranophone. The drum is struck on the membrane to produce a tone (n p. ). In a drum kit, which is traditionally and mainly used by drummer-musicians in live bands and performances as the main provider for a song’s percussion ingredients, it essentially consists of â€Å"percussion instruments generally including but not limited to bass drum, operated with a foot pedal, snare drum, cymbals, and toms† (Drumdojo. com, 2008, n p. ). A drum machine is basically considered to be an electronic musical gadget, the main purpose of which is to mimic a traditional drums kit—from every single instrument belonging to a kit and with every single sound it is capable of producing. Effects of Using Drum Pad Machines Live Despite the certain differentiations between drum pad machines and traditional percussion instruments such as a drum set, the option of choosing to use a drum pad machine truly lies within the motive and intent of various artists and their expression amongst genres. However, one must understand that with a drum pad machine, there are certain overlooked limitations it holds which in turn constrain the artists’ over-all performance. Since a drum pad machine is a developed piece of technology, a mechanical gadget and a traditional drum kits is crafted through key specifications of size, material, and everything else in between. There would always be a direct comparison, and it could be said that a drum pad machine creation is fuelled by convenience and technology in music, while the drum kits’ creation is duly developed for the art and science of music. As the comparison builds, it would more often than not end only in how musically and significantly restrictive a drum pad machine is to a live performance. With a drum pad machine, the player is considered rather mechanical than artistic. Since the beats, grooves, and loop are pre-programmed and just available for drum pad machine player’s use on the machine, there is somewhat a reduction of the live aspect of a live performance. Buttons and pads available in the drum pad machine can be meddled and pressed by anyone. Thus, there are fewer requirements of truly learning the electronic instrument which translates to even lesser basis of substantiating a drum pad machine player to be skillful in anyway. In terms of a musician’s confidence, since a drum machine could indeed be so compact, there would be much faith in its utilization, but there is a dismissed aspect of being confident in playing live which is the essence of any live performance. In addition, it is known that with the use of a manual and probably minimal practice, anyone could claim the throne being a skilled drum pad machine musician. Being in this age of accessible information, all these carry on and are known by the fans and music enthusiasts who attend live musical performances. Using drum pad machines in a live performance could be translated to perfect pitches and tones since there are already pre-set programming which rather does the work for the artist as opposed to fatigue that could take place as a percussionist performs via hands or sticks. But with this, the use of such only removes the human aspect of artistic expression and justifies a live performance to be strictly a calculation. Fatigue is part of any and every live performance because it only shows that the artists express themselves to be able to connect with their audience—it may be a factor, but is not a good enough reason to compromise an aspect for a live performance. Hence, using a drum pad machine instead of live percussion instrument defeats the purpose of a live performance, for it limits not only individual musical fills and additions a musician may place to highlight style, but it also reduces artistic improvisation that is usually found in a live performance. There is also another important feature which drum pad machines falls short off in a live performance. In varying world cultures which entail diverse musical genres, a drum machine would hold to be off-putting in almost every sense. Musically, almost all cultures in the world holds a percussion instrument of their own which sets not only as a brand of the music they have, but more importantly is part of their cultural and nationalistic identity. For instance, Arabic music is known for the role of percussion instruments like the tabla (University of Florida. com, 2008, n. p. ). Al-Hammar (1999) describes the tabla as an hour-glass shaped drum which is â€Å"traditionally made of clay, [but] more recently, it has been made of metal. The head is made of fish, goat or other animal skins, [and it] has also largely been replaced by a plastic substitute† (n. p. ). In a live performance, it is rather disloyal and to every extent be only a poor imitation and expression of Arabic music in performing such hymns from their culture through a drum machine—to purposely mechanize a culture’s music. It is rather a futile attempt to replace the original sound produced from a distinctive percussion instrument. The main discrepancy lies not in perceived purpose but by intended function. In terms of serving their purpose, both can be of true service in providing the percussion for songs but vary in live performances. The major advantage which a traditional drum kit or a live percussion instrument may hold is of crucial disadvantage for the drum pad machine. Since different percussion instruments comprise a drum kit, particular specifications for each could be done, made, and assembled most fittingly for the musician’s unique and artistic style of playing—in terms of tuning, material used, alloy utilized, etc. More importantly, with a drum kit and other live percussion instruments being played in a performance, a definitive and distinctive sound for the percussion line could be identified. Significantly, the genuine trademark of the artist is imbedded within a song which is indeed crucial in any musical form of expression. Nevertheless, it could be rebutted that aside from being handy and portable as compared to a drum set, the compact drum pad machine holds tone and tempo programming that a drum kit has, and more— all is just a click, touch, or button away. However, its perceived purpose is also its key weakness because the various percussion tones found in the drum pad machine’s electronic memory chips is produced mainly not by the artist but essentially by the machine, as compared to the authentically noteworthy contribution by a musician in performance as the parts of a drum kit or a percussion instrument is played. The musician playing would pour on and express the themes and emotions of the song and connect with the audience with every commanding yet calculated strike, with every forceful and fierce kick, and every dominant splash. This visual and musical performance experience is not as illuminating or animated as a drum machine player pressing buttons on a drum pad machine. Thus, drum pad machines constrict the overall aspect of a live musical performance and do hold back the artist’s live execution. References Al-Hammar, A. (1999). The Arabic Music. The Time Machine, College of Education, University of Florida. Retrieved November 25, 2008 from http://www. coe. ufl. edu/webtech/Timemachine/music/Arabic/answer. htm. Drumdojo. com. (2008). Equipment. Drumdojo. com. Retrieved November 24, 2008 from http://www. drumdojo. com/equipment. htm.

American Slavery Essay - 2907 Words

Enormous changes swept through nearly every facet of American society in the years between the American Revolution and the Civil War, and the institution of slavery was no exception to this rule. Prior to the Revolution, slavery existed in every American colony. The growing population of settlers was founded on and maintained by notions of inequality, in which indentured servants and slaves provided the necessary manpower for the development of a largely agricultural economy and the settlement of an ever-diminishing frontier. First- and second generation whites began to equate race and servitude as white indentured servitude waned and black slaves came to represent the primary source of forced labor in the Americas. In the†¦show more content†¦As natural increase and an end to the importation of African slaves stabilized the slave population, new generations of Creole slaves began to form a distinctive African-American culture. At the same time, most white slaveholders were now fourth- or fifth generation masters who lived and worked near their slaves and took a keen interest in their welfare and affairs. A new-felt paternalism both improved the physical treatment and condition of slaves and served to further restrict and dictate their lives. The rise of evangelicalism in the 1830s provided Southern whites with a justification for demanding obedience by focusing on individual piety and salvation in the hereafter; in the North, by contrast, that new religious fervor became an impetus for social reform and empowered some whites to try to rid the world of its many evils, including slavery. Slavery underwent significant changes as the country moved from the colonial to the antebellum era. The American slavery of 1760-1861 was shaped by the political, economic, and religious changes affecting the nation as a whole; the latter-day manifestation of slavery was both a major departure from and an indisputable product of the earlier institution. Following the American Revolution, whites subscribed to new egalitarian notions of government and liberty throughout the United States. By the time of Independence, slavery was an established facet of American society, but theShow MoreRelatedAmerican Slavery, American Freedom Essay1174 Words   |  5 PagesEdmund S. Morgan’s famous novel American Slavery, American Freedom was published by Norton in 1975, and since then has been a compelling scholarship in which he portrays how the first stages of America began to develop and prosper. 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